Lapu Lapu Reaction Paper Essay

II. Movie Characters/Cast Lapu Lapu Dinah Dominguez Ian Veneracion Lito Marcos III. Sypnosis Lapu-lapu was the king of Mactan , an island in visayas, Phillipines, who is know as the first native of the archipelago to have resisted Spanish colonization. HE is now regarded as the first Filipino hero. On the morning of April 27,1521 Lapu-lapu and the men of Mactan, armed with spears, and kampilan faced Spanish soldiers led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinan Magellan. In what would later be known as the Battle of Mactan, Magellan and several of his men were killed. According to Sulu oral tradition , Lapu-Lapu was a Muslim Chieftain and was also know as â€Å"Kaliph Pulaka† the People of Bangsamoro, The Islamic homeland in the Philippines islands. Consider him to be a Muslim and a member of the Tausug ethnic group. A variant of the name, as written by Carlos Calao, a 17th century chinese-Spanish poet in his poem â€Å"Que Dios Le perdone† (Spanish,† That God may Forgive Him†) is â€Å"Cali Pulacu†Ã‚  The 1898 Philippine Declaration of independence refers to Lapu-Lapu as â€Å" King Kalipulako de Maktan† in the 19th century, the reformist Mariano Ponce Used a variant name â€Å"Kalipulako†, as one of his pseudonyms. IV. Question/Answers 1. Which part of the movie do you like the most? – The part I liked the most is that when Lapu – Lapu rejected Magellan’s offer twice and waged war against the Spaniards. I liked Lapu – Lapu’s attitude because he is wise and care’s for his people at the same time he can be brutal to his enemies. 2. Will you recommend the video/ movie to your fellow AMAer? Why? – Yes, I would definitely recommend it because it is educational at the same time entertaining and this has a special part in our history considering Lapu – Lapu was our first Filipino hero.

Obesity: America’s Modern Day Societal Crutch

Obesity: America’s Modern Day Societal Crutch Matthew Murphy Abstract Today’s society has been faced with the never ending problem of obesity. Many would blame this problem of obesity in America to poor genetics, unhealthy eating habits, and even lack of physical fitness. After viewing this paper and reviewing these credible sources the reader will have a better understanding as to why individuals become obese. All sources in this paper have been written, reviewed, and critiqued by credible individuals.Obesity: America’s Modern Day Societal Crutch In today’s America we as citizens are faced with the ongoing crutch known as obesity. Obesity is defined as a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent of major health issues. I view obesity as a â€Å"crutch† because it is disease that will slow the American populous down. The topic on obesity has been debated over many years as to who would take the blame of America’ s overweight problem and what that individual or group would do to prevent it.Many different state legislatures and school board committees have started to ban vending machines in school grounds. â€Å"Congress has considered a menu-labeling legislation that would force chain restaurants to list fat, sodium, and calories for each item† (Balko, 2004, p. 522). Many individuals like me believe that this is definitely the most improper approach to preventing the obesity epidemic that has plagued the United States over the last twenty years. It is not the United State government’s place to tell American citizens what they can or cannot consume.Obesity has become more and more of a problem because American citizens are executing poor dietary techniques. The next influential factor to obesity is the influence of our biological need and genetics. These factors play a large part in the obesity epidemic but the key factor to obesity is the fact that Americans are drastically dec reasing their urges for physical fitness and health. Data has been collected from many different institutions and still the debate is on to see which group will inherit the blame of our nation’s obesity problems.Although many argue who is to blame for obesity, I believe that is in the hands of the individual and their poor diet techniques, biological factors, and their willingness to perform physical fitness. Dietary Techniques Obesity has become a crutch to the American way of life in the idea that we as individuals are not executing proper dietary techniques. The groups that are mainly targeted for obesity because of poor dieting techniques are low-income families throughout the United States. Obesity is on the rise in these families because more Americans are eating outside their homes at higher rates† (Bryan, 2006 p. 98). With the families going out to eat instead of staying home they are subject to a higher calorie intake than if they were to eat at home. The nutri tional nature of fast food is unknown to many Americans because they have forfeited the need for knowledge on the matter. â€Å"Fast food restaurants and other fast food outlets are serving larger portions to consumers† (Bryan, 2006, p. 98).This creates a dilemma for a person trying to stay within his/her healthy eating when a fast food business offers more food for cheaper than healthy food. In today’s society Americans are looking at the almighty dollar instead of their dietary needs. If it cost fifteen dollars to eat healthy food and it only cost six dollars for a value meal then 9 times out of 10 the consumer is going to choose the value meal over healthy food. I also believe that high advertisement of fast food and snack foods by large businesses influence the consumer to stray from their healthy diet.Many business have began to realize that American’s are becoming more and more aware of their dietary needs and are working to provide healthy foods at their restaurant chains. Biological Needs and Genetics The next factor we need to include in the reason of individuals ourselves being responsible for our obesity is biological needs and even our genetics. â€Å"Humans are hardwired, as a survival strategy, to like foods high in sugar, fat, and calories† (Brownell & Nestle, 2006, p. 525). This may seem like it in not the individual’s problem and could be blamed on biology.This is an individual responsibility due to the fact that the human body can be controlled in a matter of survival. If one is desperate to survive and realizes that they are overweight they will cut back on excess calories. The closest example I have of survival is the urge to quit smoking because of all the scientific backing that states it can end your life. A responsible individual would quit smoking when he/she realizes they may die from the hazards. This survival response is the same with the obesity epidemic.Individuals are placed into danger when the y become obese and face many different side effects. Some of these health hazards include an array of thirty different diseases. Although there are many individuals out there that are willing to help themselves get over this epidemic, many individuals are unable to overcome obesity due to their genetic make-up. Physical Fitness and Health There are many different contributing issues that play into the obesity epidemic but the key factor is the decline of physical fitness and overall health.Physical fitness has come to an all time low since the 1960’s and the evolution of the industrial age. Research data from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics revealed that over the past 50 years the relationship between activity at work and obesity has grown closer together. â€Å"In 1960, nearly half the jobs in the private sector required at least moderate physical activity, but in 2010, less than 20% demanded this much physical work† (Harvard, 2012). With industrializatio n and technology on the rise many Americans are relying on technology to get them through their lives.Do not get me wrong, I believe that the use of technology makes this country an effective machine. The advances in technology has relieved stress off a man’s back and applied it to his stomach. The health hazards that follow obesity are not just a big belly but also high blood pressure, Type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, stroke, gallstones, gout, some cancers, bladder control issues, and psychological disorders (Bryan, 2006, p. 97). The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) reported an increase in the prevalence of obesity from 11. 1% in the 1970’s to 19. 3% in the early 2000’s† (Samper-Ternent & Al Snih, 2011, p. 10-19). With the concern of citizens and their health on the rise I believe that the more information we get out to the people it will be beneficial to their survival. Discussion The epidemic th at is obesity has become a modern day problem for America’s society. Some would even go as far to say that it could even be a crutch for he United States. â€Å"Increases in the prevalence of obesity have been observed in men and women, in all age groups, in all major ethnic groups, and at all educational levels† (Samper-Ternent & Al Snih, 2011, p. 10). Individuals themselves could control and take responsibility for their overweight situation which would allow them to become more active and healthy. If obesity is caught early on the individual will be more likely to overcome this hardship they have entered. We as individuals need to maintain our body and live a long, healthy life.Just like Sir Isaac Newton stated, â€Å"A body in motion stays in motion†¦ and a body at rest tend to remain at rest. † References Balko, R. (2011). Obesity: Who Is Responsible for Our Weight. In S. Barnet & H. Bedau (Authors), Current Issues and Enduring Questions (9th ed. , pp. 522-523). Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. Brownell, K. , ; Nestle, M. (2011). Are You Responsible for Your Own Weight? Con. In S. Barnet ; H. Bedau (Authors), Current Issues and Enduring Questions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (9th ed. , pp. 524-525).Boston, MA: Bedford/St. Martin's. Bryan, M. (2006). Obesity in America & its Impact on Minorities, Women and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Low-Income Groups. International Journal Of The Diversity, 6(3), 97-101. Harvard University. (2012). Obesity in America: What's Driving the Epidemic? Harvard Men's Health Watch, 5-7. Samper-Ternent, R. , & Al Snih, S. (2012). Obesity in older adults: Epidemiology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  and omplications for disability and disease. Reviews in Clinical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gerontology, 22, 10-34. doi:10. 1017/S0959259811000190

Analysis Of The Novel Scarlet Letter Essay -- The Scarlet Letter, Na

Hester Prynne is adorned with namesake of this novel as a result the sin that she committed. Although she is a â€Å"sinner†, she is far from an evil character; instead showing compassion and offering help often. She made a mistake but accepted her punishment, and became a better person because of it. Prynne did not allow her sin to define who she is as a person. She has committed far less sin than many of the characters in the book, but because of the society she lives in she is made an outsider because of her actions. There is very little evil behind her sin. She was left alone, and was unsure ifte. He saw a sin enacted against him, and instead of letting it go, or growing because of it, he lets himself become such an evil person, that it is subtly implied that he is the devil himself. He prevents the happiness of many, and directly leads to a man’s death. The actions of this man are certainly CHILLING. Sin and evil are driving forces of â€Å"Scarlet Letter†, and they are shown in different ways in different people. The way people act in the face of evil is very indicative of who the person truly is. Some people grow from sin, while others let it eat them alive. Those who commit the most visible sin can be the most good-natured, while someone who commits their sins unknowingly to others can be the most evil. Hawthorne is able to provide clear examples of the varied types of people in the world, and how their evil actions can affect the community around them.

Carnavelis Decision Making Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Carnavelis Decision Making Model - Essay Example The effectiveness of a nurse’s role is achieved through the assessment of the social, physical, mental, and spiritual and health factors which define the needs of the patient. This paper is based on a clinical case study where the roles of nurses in assessment of the patient and related factors and decision making and practice are discussed. The discussion is based on Carnevali’s model of clinical judgment and decision making which evaluated in terms of its effectiveness and impact on the execution of nursing roles in patient assessment and decision making. The assessment of Jack’s physical, social, mental, spiritual and health care needs will be based on an integration of critical thinking and observation. Wolf (2012, p. 20) explains that the ability of a nurse to identify the needs of the patient during the assessment process is effectively achieved through keen observation and application of higher cognitive processes of thought. Kearney and Penque (2012, p. 3 2) adds that the legal and ethical standards of nursing and evidence based practice should also be included in trying to identify the needs of the patient. In Jack’s case, his symptoms are used to assess his health care needs. For example his dehydration is identified through the nurse’s observation. This leads to a critical thinking process through which the nurse will make a decision of the nursing intervention and therapy which is relevant for his condition. The significance of Carnevali’s model of clinical judgment and decision making is disclosed in this case because effectiveness in assessment of the health care needs of the patient would only be achieved through observation of his symptoms. Carnival’s model presents the first stage of diagnostic reasoning process as the collection of information and data on the patient and the family (Carnevali, 2003, p. 45). Aitken, Marshall, Elliott and McKinley (2009, p. 38), add that the roles of nurses in pati ent diagnosis are guided by collection of patient data on the social and cultural aspects and applying them in the prescription of relevant intervention and therapy. Jack for example is affected by social factors such as lack of appropriate support and care from the parents. This is disclosed by the fact that the parents want to leave him in the hospital with a neighbor. Nonetheless, critical thinking and prioritization must be applied in nursing care to ensure that the health care needs of the patient are provided before further assessment achieved. Jack’s dehydration and weakness requires immediate nursing intervention even before a complete analysis of all factors surrounding his condition are ascertained. Huiqin and Thompson (2010, p. 2752) points out that nurses play a critical role in meeting the needs of patients for care with due consideration of the standards of care and maintenance of high standards in practice. However Carnevali’s model of clinical judgment and decision making fails to show emphasis on the role of ethical and evidence based nursing practice. In accordance to Carnaveli’s model of clinical judgment and decision making, the second stage in diagnostic reasoning process is entry into the patient assessment (Carnevali, 2003, p. 45). This includes priority setting. Jack’s health care needs are prioritized by the nurse because of his weak condition and continuous crying. This is the reason why the nurse must prioritize the health care needs of the patient. Sutcliffe (2011, p. 35) emphasizes that the Nursing and

Rousseau And Marx Can Be Seen As Critics Of The Disenchantment Of The Essay

Rousseau And Marx Can Be Seen As Critics Of The Disenchantment Of The World. How Would They Propose To Re-Enchant The World - Essay Example It was on this, finally, although possibly differently phrased, that the great proto-sociologists, Rousseau and Marx, as well as the founding fathers of the discipline, paid attention to. This revered tradition has been continued on this continent in the form of modernization theory and afterward, somewhat euphemistically, theory of development. The "disenchantment of the world" that modernity launches establishes the experience of hubris at the center of our condition--but without our having to foresee the once unavoidable punishment by the gods. The experience of disenchantment becomes critical for Marx when he is able to see within it the seeds of our capacity to experience a restraint that cannot be surmounted. For Marx, the insurmountable limit that we encounter in disenchantment is none other than our own mortality. It is the experience of a limit that is internal to the contemporary experience of unrestrained agency in which we feel ourselves incapable to remake the world in our own image. Marx's account of disenchantment, thus, does not involve degeneration into a re-enchanted universe but rather remains within the sphere of modernity. (Marx, pp 67-71) In the experience of disenchantment we are delivered into a universe that is approximate to the universe of the Greek tragedies, in which the heroic striving to surmo unt all mortal limits finds its collapse in the very unruly and fickle course that it sets in motion. Rousseau's and Marx's disenchantments, for example, regarding the relationship between the human and the natural not only of their disenchantment experiment itself, but also of his loss of faith in Rousseau's vision of nature and the possibilities of human accomplishment or fascination within it. Nevertheless, one could argue that it is not so much a matter of Kant having cast off Rousseau's visions as of his having come closer to some of the more worrying or vague aspects of that vision. (Watkins, p-15) Like Kant, Rousseau found the relationship between the natural and the human to be disenchantment, arguing that sublimation and repression, the price we must pay to enter human culture, take their toll in fire, war, and other manifestations of violence and aggression. In the ninth chapter of his On the Origin of Languages, for example, Rousseau contemplates the question of what could have driven human beings to exchange a life of nature for a life of language and culture: "the earth nourishes men," he writes, "but when their primary needs have dispersed them, other needs come to pass, and it is only then that they speak, and that they have any motivation to speak". But why, he asks, would they ever quit a life of nature, especially when the "life of language and culture" unavoidably leads to despair and crime: how could they "ever be enticed to give up their ancient liberty" and create a society that "leads to property, government, and laws, and steadily to the misery and crime that are indivisible from the knowledge of good and evil". Such a movement for Rousseau is inseparably associated with the prohibition of incest, the need to

Stanard v. Bolin, 88 Wash. 2d 614 (1977) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Stanard v. Bolin, 88 Wash. 2d 614 (1977) - Essay Example Similarly, she suffered socially from embarrassment and ridicule from friends and neighbors (Stanard v. Bolin, 1977). In this case the court found the law of tort as well as the law of contract to be the most applicable since the plaintiff was suing for damages arising from a breach of promise- marriage (Lettmaier, 2010). Many American states, a promise to marry is deliberated to be legally enforceable, if the promise or agreement satisfies all the basic requirements of a valid contract. Therefore, failure to satisfy a promise to marry is treated in a similar manner to breach of contract. Moreover, a breach of promise to marry is treated as tort since the plaintiff suffers injury and loss hence they have a right to sue for damages ( LaMance, 2011). In light of the presented facts and claims by the plaintiff, the court ruled that the defendant owed the plaintiff damages for mental distress, injury to health, and loss to reputation. In addition, the court ruled that a rejected fiancà © would no longer be compensated for damages for loss of anticipated financial and social position (Stanard TD v. Bolin,

Penetrating testing techniques Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Penetrating testing techniques - Research Paper Example This article will analyze some of these modern computer attacks, how they happen and ways of mitigating them. A DDoS attack is an ill attempt to make a network or server resource unavailable to users, often through disrupting or suspending the services of a connected host from the internet. The DDoS attack can be achieved by two main ways. First, the attacker, using malware or Trojan can take over several computers on the internet, creating a botnet in the process. Secondly, the attacker then controls the affected computers and makes them attack simultaneously the target thus achieving their initial goal (Gu & Liu, 2007). The DDoS attacks can be resolved, mainly through the incorporation of blocking and detection mechanisms, that apply even during the spoofed attacks, when attacker profiles and identities are constantly changing. Others include, giving more complete capabilities of verification than either IDS signatures or static routers filters can provide. Prevent dependence on configuration changes or network device resources. In-built intelligence processes being infused with only contaminated traffic packets that would guarantee minimum scaling costs and maximum reliance. Implement procedures for communication standards to help guarantee maximum reliability and interoperability. Blocking and identifying individual spoofed packages to guard genuine business transactions (Patel & Patel, 2014). TCP session, or session hijacking, is generally a means of taking over a session of a web user by obtaining surreptitiously the session Id and pretending to be the official session user. Once accessed, the invader can pretend to be the official user and freely access and manipulate data as they please. Hackers popularly use routed IP packets from the original source to hijack a session. Through re-routing the communication to go through his computer, he can communicate with the different machines simultaneously. An effective example of such

Technology Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology Management - Assignment Example On the other hand, selective Laser Sintering (SLS), the laser beam is used to dictate the sintered cross sectional area on each layer and the area of interest is then printed using a Radiation Absorbing Material (RAM) (Hopkinson & Dickens, 2003). This paper focuses on the description of the methods of rapid manufacturing in high speed printed parts using laser and then outlining the implications of the methods in the field of Rapid Manufacturing (RM). An analysis of the financial and budgetary requirements of these methods will be conducted to determine its implications in the market. Rapid manufacturing can be described as the process of producing end user products using layer manufacturing methods. This process is rapidly gaining interest from a wide range of firms dealing with engineering applications. Studies have shown that the use of laser techniques such as selective Laser Sintering (SLS) can be very useful in the manufacture of components that occur small in size up to a volume of approximately 14000 units daily (Wohlers,2006). The economic production of components using this method is however inhibited by the underlying cost of purchasing the machines and the build up speed during the production operations. Companies such as Phonak Hearing Systems and Siemens Hearing Instruments have been using the laser technology to manufacture and have made a record number of 75-100 pieces being produced in about six to eight hours (Wohlers, 2006). Several organizations are already in the pursuit of the design of the layer manufacturing technologies to cater for Rapid manufacturing. The laser technologies normally have smaller build areas as compared to the other methods used in rapid manufacturing but they exhibit a big advantage in terms of speed as compared to the other technologies (Speedpart Technology: Online). In order to ensure that the product reaches a bigger target market, it will be important to not only consider the currently existing outlets but

Education based on two readings, one from Poor Economics and one from Assignment

Education based on two readings, one from Poor Economics and one from The Elusive Quest for Growth - Assignment Example s chairman Jacques Delors state, ‘education is one of the principle means available to foster a deeper and more harmonious form of human development and thereby to reduce poverty, exclusion, ignorance, oppression and war’. This has developed consciousness of the people in the developing countries acquisition of education shall assess these people to overcome poverty. The claims that the education shall simultaneously bring social, economical and cultural prosperity has capture minds of these people, as a result there has been a rapid increase in the primary and secondary schools. Easterly (2001), in the article highlights the adverse impacts of education with the help of different statistical information of different countries. He states that response of economic growth with the educational explosion lacks association (Easterly). According to Easterly no positive relation between economic growth and the growth in schooling has been observed this is because of the reason of rapid growth in human capital (Easterly). Due to the massive expansion of the education there has been a significant decline in the growth of output per workers during 1980’s. The study highlights that the initial schooling has a positive result on the productivity growth, whereas the countries with the high initial human capital can grow faster through indirect effect of human capital on the growth productivity (Banerjee and Duflo). In addition, the growth rate of countries has been associated with the human capital growth; the studies show that the key of the development is based on the capital growth and physical capital contribution. This eventually decreases young workers as they are engaged with their studies. On the other hand, the wages increase with the experiences due to which it lowers human capital. The studies of Easterly and Banerjee and Duflo it can be determined that growth in the schooling is not the only factor to influence economic growth, whereas, the study highlights

Discussion Forum Chapter 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Forum Chapter 6 - Essay Example To begin with, there are usually frustration benches installed along the pedestrians’ footpaths and parks in most cities; they are meant to be used by every member of the public-disabled, homeless or not. Since I do not possess my own home, meaning I do not have a place to rest both day and night times, I will use this as my weapon. The first thing I can do to alter public space on these benches is to ask anyone seated on any of these benches to create space for me to sleep (lay on the bench). The benches are meant for sitting and the act of sleeping on them may attract the attention of the public especially during the day time. Additionally, I may also use the sense of being homeless to create tension and attract the attention of security personnel in restricted areas or areas that areas that requires high levels of security such as banks and the transportation sector. In this aspect, I may use the idea of homelessness to cause tension and commotion by comfortably sleeping along the pavements of the banking halls or even sitting idly on the passengers’ lounge for long hours and in some cases even sleeping on the seats. Indeed such an action may not only attract the attention of the security guards but also the attention of the

How the Environment plays a role in Learning Essay Example for Free

How the Environment plays a role in Learning Essay Learning is a process which touches on almost every aspect of human life. Surprisingly, it is through learning that the experiences of the past are passed on to the younger generation by parents as well as educators. It is impossible to get knowledge without learning. Apart from knowledge, learning equips people with skills and abilities that enable them to deal perfectly with the complexities of life. Through learning for instance, individuals get to know about the rules that enable them to interact in their social lives. Learning is however not unique. It networks with an individual’s social life and the environment (Custom Essay, 2009). Richlin in his book, Blue print for learning: constructing collage courses to facilitate, access and document learning, acknowledges that â€Å"Learning does not occur in a vacuum. † It cannot occur in isolation either and is dependent on various factors such as the environment (Richlin, 2006). The environment is the substance upon which learning is laid upon. It forms the backbone of learning. Environment thus plays a significant role as far as the learning process is concerned. The environment can affect the learning process either positively or negatively. This research paper seeks to look at various environmental factors and the roles they play in the learning process. The Natural Environment Though in the current world there is a high rise of technology and people can change the environment to suit their needs, the impact of natural environment on learning is still so strong and cannot be ignored. For example, people who were brought up in rural areas are very different from those in urban area. This is in respect to what each has learned. Those from the remote areas are in contact with nature itself. They learn so much from nature since their dwelling place is so natural and has not been contaminated by human activities. On the other hand, a city dweller has no natural environment access and barely learns much from it. He or she is even less concerned with what is happening in the natural environment. Lessons on nature become challenging to city dwellers but remote dwellers learn with ease (Custom Essay, 2009). It is in the natural environment that historical, scientific, and geographical materials for learning are found in plenty. These natural features are fun to learn when individuals know what they are learning about. For instance, those located near the ocean or sea will have fun learning about the marine ecosystem. Likewise those in mountainous regions will enjoy a geography lesson on types of mountains. Learning in these natural environments is so real, so natural, and so meaningful and students tend to perform better than those who learn in the theoretical way in the cities (Smith, 2010). Social Environment Many people do not know that social environment plays a fundamental role in the process of learning. Humans are social beings and they can neither live nor learn in an isolated situation. Ones a child is born, the learning process begins from the social environment. By crying, the child knows that it will be attended to by the society around it. The first people to get in touch with an individual from an early age are from the family members. The family at this level is the social environment for the child. Basic knowledge is learned from the parents and it becomes the foundation of an individual’s future life. The social environment then expands as the individual advances in age. He or she can learn from friends, peers, and influential adults (Custom Essay, 2009). However, different people that an individual comes into contact with, impact differently on his or her learning process. At the early stage of a person’s life, parents shape the views, beliefs and equip the person with basic knowledge, skills and the abilities. The family can affect the child negatively or positively. For instance, statistics reveal that children under family abuse score less in exams than the ones who have been raised normally free from abuse. Abused children feel useless and they develop a negative self image. They undermine their learning ability and hence perform poorly in the learning process. In contrast, a family can positively motivate a child by encouraging them to believe they can. Such children build confidence in themselves that enable them to face challenges at home and in school. This positively influences their learning. The time the parents spend with their children also influences learning. Very committed parents like those in the military have little time for their children and therefore children do not get all the knowledge that they require. Other parents have a high priority for discipline and they will raise-up disciplined children. High level discipline augers well with learning (Smith, 2010). At the adolescent stage, peers mean everything to an individual’s life. An individual develops personality through the interaction with his or her peers (Custom Essay, 2009). Learning can be impaired if the teen chooses a bad social grouping. Anti-social behaviors like drug and substance abuse will no doubt impair a person’s learning process. Drug and substance abuse interferes with the activity of the mind in processing information. There is also the interference with the normal functioning of the body. In addition, some people spend much of their time in non-constructive activities like gambling. They therefore do not concentrate in their classroom activities leading to poor performance (Smith, 2010). Despite the fact that most of a person’s personality has already been shaped by the time they reach adulthood, adults still learn even in old age. The social environment affects the learning process of an adult (Custom Essay, 2009). The Physical Environment The physical environment also affects the learning process. To start with, the structures in which people, particularly students, spend most of their days will determine the quality of learning. Research has shown that students in shabby schools rarely perform well as compared to those in decent schools. Shabby structures are not attractive to the learners and they do not feel motivated to learn either. They might also be missing some structures such as windows which will pose a danger to learning especially in times of hurricanes and rains. A good physical environment is attractive and cultivates positive attitudes in both learners and teachers. Schools or learning environments should be friendly if at all the desirable learning is going to take place. There should be attractive spaces to give students comfort the way they would in a cafe. Learning is therefore improved with the physical environment improvement. In the classrooms, the arrangement of desks and spacing all count to the learning process. Studies have revealed that students who are less attentive and barely successful are mostly affected by arrangement of desks. Their queer behaviors will tend to increase when they are in rows rather than around tables. To make sure that all students are monitored, clustering of students should be avoided. This ensures that there is enough space for every student and there is no opportunity for the misconduct of students. The students therefore will be serious and of course learn more in spacious classes (Victorian Institute of Teaching, nd). Other physical aspects that determine the process of learning include climate, noise, and color. Extreme temperatures negatively affect the quality of learning (Victorian Institute of Teaching, nd). Hurricanes will also have their part to play. Many other disastrous weather conditions affect learning negatively. The student will spend more time fighting with the disasters than in their studies. Poor weather reduces the level of concentration (Smith, 2010). Noise disrupts the whole process of teaching and learning. Too much noise leads to the impairment of the cognitive function. Most reading and studying problems are associated with noise. Furthermore it is difficult for a student to hear what the teacher is saying if there is a lot of noise in the environment. Likewise color affects the efficiency and motivation in learning. Choice of colors depends primarily on the learners’ age and gender. Brighter colors go well with young children and adolescents will be attracted by subdued colors. Males feel at peace with brighter colors but females would like softer colors. Careful considerations should therefore be made when furnishing classrooms to avoid negative influences (Victorian Institute of Teaching, nd). The Cultural Environment Individuals are from different cultural backgrounds. The styles of learning differ from one culture to another. In the developing worlds like Asia and Africa, teachers, mentors and parents insist on the observation of strict discipline in the process of teaching and learning. Children are not given time to air their views. In contrast, in developed countries like US, learning is less controlled and children are allowed to actively participate in learning and teaching processes. This may go a long way to motivating students for better performance. Restrictions on the other hand will make students hate the whole process of learning and teaching (Smith, 2010). The learning process is also affected by the nature of the cultural environment. Some cultures may have a special respect when it comes to knowledge acquisition. People who are learned are greatly respected. These people become mentors to the learner and boost their morale. For example, if a child grows up admiring a certain engineer, chances are that he or she will learn more to become that engineer. Additionally, in the developed countries almost everyone is educated. They also have better resources such as equipped libraries and internet facilities. Their children therefore receive information they require in learning from diverse areas. The more the resources, the more simplified the learning process will be. On the other hand, inadequate resources will always pose a threat to the learning process. In addition, poor countries have a high number of uneducated people and thus do not act as motivators to learning (Smith, 2010). Some cultures also may influence learning by holding a special position in a particular area of study. For along time, there have been talks on mathematics, sciences and languages. Certain cultural backgrounds may fail to put weight on the study of language such as in Myanmar. Some tribes here have no records of their written language. Students from such localities are restricted by their cultural environment to learn the language. They will only have few language experiences. Other cultures will put more emphasis on subjects like mathematics. Learning mathematics for students from these environments will not be a difficult task. The cultural environment therefore dictates what is to be learnt and to what extent (Catherine, 2010). Classroom Setting There are different classroom settings all of which affect the process of learning. Learners tend to perceive various settings differently. For instance, in comparing the traditional classroom teaching with online learning, traditional though passed by time, provides the best setting. Online learning does not monitor the learner’s move. Learning therefore is at the mercy of the learner’s self discipline. More so, there is no reinforcement offered by online learning and there is no educator-recipient direct interaction. In traditional classroom environment, the learner’s moves are closely monitored, there is teacher-student contact and therefore reinforcement is guaranteed. The teacher is in a position to learn the psychological weakness of a student. Once the problem is known, the student can be helped out. Students of the traditional setting will always perform better academically than online students. The learning process is therefore affected by the kind of setting selected (Smith, 2010).

New labour’s rights policies on inclusive education and rights Essay Example for Free

New labour’s rights policies on inclusive education and rights Essay To realize advantages and shortcomings of inclusive education in practice we have to consider as well whether childrens rights are observed within the context of inclusion as well as to analyse the main provisions of legislative instruments and governmental documents regarding this sphere. This will give us a better insight of what forces act in the process of transition to inclusive education intensively promoted by New Labour government and what effect they have upon children-recipients. Internationally, the UN Convention on the Rights of a Child has established a near global consensus concerning the minimum necessary rights for children: rights to provision, protection and participation the 3 Ps (Pugh 2005, p. 4). The UK does not stand apart in international processes of providing all children, including the most vulnerable children wit SEN, with the opportunity to exercise these rights. Many observers admit that the election and re-election of more children friendly New Labour governments in 1997 and 2001 resulted in significant political development for childrens rights, as an extensive range of new policies and laws affecting the lives of children both directly and indirectly have been promulgated (Foley et al. 2003, p. 38). They include Health Action Zones, The Childrens Taskforce, The Childrens National Service Framework, The National Childcare Strategy, Early Years and Development and Child Care Partnerships, Quality Protects, Removing Barriers to Achievement, Sure Start, Every Child Matters etc. (Pugh 2005, p. 1). Besides, a very important document was adopted in 2001 – a new statutory guidance from New Labour Government Inclusive Schooling: Children with Special Educational Needs (DfES 2001) which sets out the main principles of inclusive education: with the right training, strategies and support nearly all children with special educational needs can be successfully included in mainstream education; an inclusive education service offers excellence and choice and incorporates the views of parents and children; the interests of children must be safeguarded; schools, local education authorities and others should actively seek to remove barriers to learning and participation; all children should have access to an appropriate education that affords them the opportunity to achieve their personal potential; mainstream education will not always be right for every child all of the time. Equally, just because mainstream education may not be right at a particular stage it does not prevent the child from being included successfully at a later stage. This document stipulates that schools and local education authorities ability to refuse a mainstream place for a child with special educational needs is severely restricted. They are able to refuse a mainstream school place to a child if it would be incompatible with the efficient education of others; however, reasonable steps must be taken to prevent that incompatibility (DfES 2001). The Green Paper Every Child Matters further illustrates New Labours commitment to reform services delivered to children, especially those with SEN, with the purpose to provide all of them with the opportunity to be healthy, to stay safe, to have high academic attainments, to participate in life of community, enjoy and develop, and to achieve financial well-being. The focus of this document is on early intervention, removing the barriers to learning – both physical and social, preventative work and integrated services for children (DFES 2003). The latter provision reasonably stresses importance of transagency collaboration and coordination to achieve better quality of services delivered to children in need. The use of collaborative teaming among professionals, agencies, the child, and family members, the use of the curriculum that focuses on the interactions between the pupil and his/her environments as well as the establishment and use of interagency linkages to facilitate the smooth integration of the child in mainstream school are the most important components of this cooperation (Cheminais 2006, p.19). A crucial motif in such policies is the idea of equal worth and recognition for people deemed to be disadvantaged, marginalised and excluded. Notions of children locked in cycles of personal and social deprivation, excluded, but also self-excluding, emotionally damaged and lacking confidence and skills permeate these initiatives (Rieser 2000, p. 148). These legal instruments, in actual fact, established broad social investment programmes focusing on attaining such major outcomes for all children, including those with SEN, as to assure them to be healthy, to live in safe environment, to improve their academic achievements, to participate in full measure in social life, enjoy and develop, and to attain financial well-being (DFES 2003). The government has raised family incomes by introducing a national minimum wage and through policies such as the working families tax credit (Pugh 2005, p.8). The establishment of a Cabinet Committee on Children and Young Peoples Services, and a Children and Young Peoples Unit in the Department for Education and Skills (DfES), with a remit to develop a cross-departmental approach to policy as well as administering the Children Fund with ? 450 million to help to alleviate child poverty and social exclusion (DfES 2003), offer further testament to government commitments to children. The introduction of the National Childcare Strategy and Quality Protects with its strong recommendation that local authorities appoint a Childrens Rights Officer for looked after children, combined with the establishment of the Social Exclusion Unit and a number of community initiatives such as Sure Start designed to help preschool children, have increased assistance to children and their families, especially in severely disadvantaged areas (Pugh 2005). But any review of the Labour governments record must include brickbats alongside bouquets. New Labour has reduced the number of children in poverty in recent years but the figures remain substantial for a country which ranks among the seven most industrialised nations in the world (Corbett 2001, p. 67). Young people under the age of 22, moreover, are exempted from the adult minimum wage of ? 4. 10 (Rieser 2000, p. 154). The centralisation of education, the imposition of national curricula and league tables and the privatising of certain aspects of education, are unlikely to promote childrens participation rights or provide them with a voice in the running of their inclusive schools. Perhaps most significantly, New Labours election has regressed into a populist and authoritarian series of measures, such as curfews and electronic tagging. The Home Office, moreover, encouraged public perceptions of young people as unruly, out of control and requiring policies which stress containment (Robertson 2003). Indeed, children must be subject to the necessary guidance and discipline of adults, but they have to be partners in this process – not just passive recipients, if we talk about real inclusive schooling. In actual fact, legally, the paternalistic notion that the best interests of the child must be protected has increasingly come to be supplemented by the principle that children have a right to express their views and have their wishes taken into account in legal decisions which concern them (Cheminais 2006, p. 23). In particular, the Children Act 2004 carefully straddles the divide between protectionist or paternalist and participatory rights. Its guiding principle is that the childs welfare is paramount, but the legislation also supports the principle that, where possible and appropriate, the ascertainable wishes and feelings of the child concerned should inform decisions (HMSO 2004, Part 2). In truth the judiciary continue to interpret this latter requirement conservatively falling back on paternalistic assumptions of childrens incompetence (Robertson 2003). Thus, it comes as no surprise that Armstrong (2005, p.138) argues that a transformatory agenda [of New Labour government] may be characterized by the rhetoric of change rather than by any substantive transformation of values and practices. Moreover, contradicting to its own declared values concerning inclusive education New Labour government sees special schools at the front position of the wider education agenda and emphasises the need to recognise and value their contribution within a framework of inclusion (DfES 2003). It is obvious that continuation of segregated special schools is contravening human rights – real inclusion cannot happen in the special school. As recent studies on the trends in the UK educational system show that he formalisation of relationships in education has been encouraged by the growing tendency towards extending the scope of bureaucratic intervention in the everyday life of schools (Atkinson et al. 2002). Increasingly, every aspect of education is subjected to rule-making and regulated through inspection and auditing. As a result of a highly centralised system of education managed by an interventionist bureaucracy little is left to chance (Foley et al. 2003, p. 112). It has been noted that even primary school teachers are allowed little initiative to exercise their professional judgment. The national curriculum dominates the classroom and teachers activity is regulated by the need to respond to the demands of standardised tests and inspections (Thomas Vaughan 2004, p. 63). The expansion of bureaucratic control is justified on the grounds that it ensures the maintenance of standards of education (Armstrong 2005, p.141). While the impact of the standardisation of teaching on the quality of education is debatable, its consequences on the relationship between the different parties – teachers, students, local authorities, parents – are strikingly clear. New Labour government declared that its top priority is raising educational standards – it is a great target, but what is troubling that the governments purpose has also been clearly signalled – education is valued less for its intrinsic qualities of self-development and more for its contribution to creating a new kind of society (Armstrong 2005, p.136). In that way, future prosperity of the UK rests with its capacity to develop and harness the skills required to be a significant player in the new knowledge-based international economy. Here it is evident that New Labour government sees the role of education explicitly in terms of social engineering. It means that the inclusion agenda in the UK has a moral and rhetorical appeal, while its conceptual vagueness can be seen after closer analysis. Conclusion. The conducted study demonstrated that there are no simple solutions to the task of inclusive thinking, relations and practice, that here is no room for complacency in the pursuit of understanding and implementing inclusive education. Without a doubt, inclusion can make great contribution to maximising the participation of all learners and the removal of discriminatory and exclusionary assumptions and practices in schools. Fortunately, recently society has shifted from a sentimental approach to disability to one which concerns entitlement. Inclusive education theorists and practitioners have moved distinctly on from a preoccupation with mere physical location in a school or college and a campaigning for civil rights issues. Physical access and disability rights continue to be ongoing struggles and theoretical concerns but the overriding practical priority in schools is that of coping with difficult behaviour and with learning difficulties. Here it is important not to see inclusion as the concern of special educators but of concern to all those involved in the school or college settings. While the earlier integration focus tended to be on physical access and specialist resources, inclusive education implies a shared responsibility and a joint concern. In such a way, now SEN is at the core of educational agenda, and it is seen as the business of mainstream schools to address basic skills and to meet individual needs. If successfully implemented inclusive schooling can give the opportunity for children with a disability to participate fully in all the educational, employment, consumer, leisure, community and domestic activities that characterize everyday society. But to advance an agenda for inclusion and to make the ideals represented in New Labour government policies a meaningful reality in schools, the society has much to do. Our study proves rightfulness of Armstrong’ arguments that even if being ambitious and extensive New Labour’s policies promulgating inclusive education do not yielded in practical results for children with SEN. To date they remain in many aspects just a declaration of what changes in education would be implemented, but the rhetoric of change has not been followed by substantive transformation of values and practices towards inclusion. Many children come to school with problems. Recognition of this and sensitivity to it is part of inclusive education as we revealed in our study. A responsive school climate, which views problems as challenges and not obstacles, is a key factor in successful movement to really inclusive education. The focus in it has to be on institutional systems, attitudes, flexibility and responsiveness rather than on the special needs child. In order to provide such a highly developed level of inclusiveness, schools have to be willing to work consistently on improving and adapting both their curriculum and social climate. It has to be a school which relates to individual needs, institutional resources and to community values. Today inclusion in school settings, for all the political rhetoric, remains the cause of a good deal of anxiety with the vast majority of teachers, parents and children. To work to advance an agenda for inclusion, in the target-driven and achievement-oriented market place that education has become, requires placing emphasis on breaking down the barriers which create exclusion. It means that we have to work on the attainment of a more inclusive society, which is not solely the responsibility of teachers in schools, and which is most likely to be achieved only when we will be able to develop a more equitable educational system. References Ainscow, M. , Booth, T. , Dyson, A. , with Farrell, P. , Frankham, J. , Gallannaugh, F. , Howes, A. Smith, R. 2006, Improving Schools, Developing Inclusion, Routledge, London. HMSO 2004, The Children Act 2004, HMSO, London. Armstrong, D. 2005, Reinventing Inclusion: New Labour and the Cultural Politics of Special Education, Oxford Review of Education, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 135–151. Atkinson, T. , Cantillon, B. , Marlier, E. , Nolan, B. 2002, Social Indicators: The EU and Social Inclusion, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Booth, T. , Ainscow, M. 1998, From Them to Us: Setting up the Study, in From Them to Us: An International Study of Inclusion in Education, eds. T. Booth M. Ainscow, Routledge, London, pp. 1-20. Booth, T. , Ainscow, M. , Dyson, A. 1998, England: Inclusion and Exclusion in a Competitive System, in From Them to Us: An International Study of Inclusion in Education, eds. T. Booth M. Ainscow, Routledge, London, pp. 193-225. Clark, C. , Dyson, A. Millward, A. 1998, Introducing the Issue of Theorising, in Theorising Special Education, eds. C. Clark, A. Dyson A. Millward, Routledge, London, pp. 1-6. Cheminais, R. 2006, Every Child Matters: New Role for SENCOs, David Fulton Publishers, London. Clough, P. , Corbett, J. 2000, Theories of Inclusive Education: A Students’ Guide, Chapman, London. Corbett, J. 2001, Supporting Inclusive Education: A Connective Pedagogy, RoutledgeFalmer, London. DfES 2001, Inclusive Schooling: Children with Special Educational Needs, DfES Publications, Nottingham. DfES 2003, Every Child Matters, DfES Publications, London. Farrell, M. 2006, Celebrating the Special School, David Fulton Publishers, London. Foley, P. , Parton, N. , Roche, J. Tucker, S. 2003, Contradictory and Convergent Trends in Law and Policy Affecting Children in England, in Hearing the Voices of Children: Social Policy for a New Century, eds. C. Hallett A. Prout, Routledge, London, pp. 106-120. Mittler, P. 2000, Working Towards Inclusive Education: Social Contexts, David Fulton Publishers, London. Pugh, R. , 2005. Whose Children? The State and Child Welfare [online]. Phoenix, Arizona State University. Available from: http://www. asu.edu/xed/lectures/images/Pugh05. pdf [Accessed 25 April 2007]. Rieser, R. 2000, Special Educational Needs or Inclusive Education: The Challenge of Disability Discrimination in Schooling, in Education, Equality and Human Rights, ed. M. Cole, Falmer Press, London, pp. 141-161. Rose, R. 2003, Ideology, Reality and Pragmatics: Towards an Informed Policy for Inclusion, in Strategies to Promote Inclusive Practice, eds. R. Rose C. Tilstone, RoutledgeFalmer, London, pp. 7-17. Robertson, C. 2003, Towards Inclusive Therapy: Policies and the Transformation of Practice, in Strategies to Promote Inclusive Practice, eds.R. Rose C. Tilstone, RoutledgeFalmer, London, pp. 97-116. Skrtic, T. M. 1995, Special Education and Student Disability as Organizational Pathologies: Toward a Metatheory of School Organization and Change, in Disability and Democracy: Reconstructing (Special) Education for Postmodernity, ed. T. M. Skrtic, Teachers College Press, New York, pp. 190-232. Thomas, G. , Loxley, A. 2001, Deconstructing Special Education and Constructing Inclusion, Open University Press, Buckingham. Thomas, G. , Vaughan, M. 2004, Inclusive Education: Readings and Reflections, Open University Press, London.

Managing service delivery in health and social care

Managing service delivery in health and social care Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of receiving people together to accomplish preferred goals and objectives using obtainable resources efficiently and effectively. Management includes planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing and controlling an organization or struggle for the purpose of achieving a goal. Basic functions of management: Management activates through numerous roles, often categorized as planning, organizing, staffing, leading and controlling. Planning is determining what wants to happen in the future and creating plans for action. Organizing means making finest use of the resources required to enable the fruitful carrying out of plans. Staffing can define as job examining, recruitment, and hiring individuals for suitable jobs. Leading is determining what needs to be done in a condition and getting people to do it. Controlling means testing progress against plans. Motivation is also a kind of basic function of management, because without motivation, employees cannot work effectively. If motivation doesnt take place in an organization then employees may not pay to the other functions. Introduction to healthcare management: Managing in healthcare is the field connecting to leadership, management and administration of hospitals, hospital networks and healthcare system. Healthcare managers are considered healthcare professionals. Healthcare is a very significant subject. Nowadays the field of healthcare is changing at a very quick pace. Healthcare is not only becoming more luxurious, but is undergoing abrupt changes due to the introduction of new medical technologies on a daily basis. As more and more people are now becoming conscious of the healthcare argument that is going on in the country, it is becoming progressively important that the general public recognize the changes that healthcare is going through, and how managing healthcare is the only way to make sure that people are well taken care of. Background of healthcare managing service delivery: In the United States, the first current health systems management program was established in 1934 at the University of Chicago. At the time, programs were finished in two years- one year of official graduate study and one year of residency. In 1958, the Sloan program at Cornell University began donation a program demanding two years of formal study, which remains the leading structure in the United States and Canada today. In 1978, as part of an exertion to establish healthcare management as an autonomous occupation, the first modern practitioner- teacher model graduate program was established at Rush University Medical Center in Chicago. Health systems management has been defined as a hidden health occupation because of the comparatively low profile role manager take in health systems, in compassion to direct-care professions such as nursing and medicine. However the discernibility of the management occupation within healthcare has been increasing in current years, due largely to the common problems developed countries are having in balancing cost, across and quality in their hospitals and health systems. Education and training for healthcare management: A masters degree is considered the standard credential for most health managers in the United States. There are numerous known degree types that are considered same from the perspective of specialized preparation. The commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Management Education (CAHME) is the recognizing body overseeing masters level programs in the United States and Canada on behalf of the United States Department of Education. If recognizes several degree program categories, including Master of Health Services Administration (MHSA), Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Health Administration (MHA), Master of Public Health (MPH, MSPH, MSHPM), Master of Science (MS-HSM, MS-HA) and Master of Public Administration (MPA). Professional Organizations related to healthcare management: There are many professional associations connected to health systems management, which can be subcategorized as either personal or institutional membership groups. Personal membership groups are joined by individuals, and typically have individual talent and career development as their focus. Greater personal membership groups contain the American College of Healthcare Executives, the Healthcare Financial Management Association, and the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society. Official membership groups are joined by organizations; they characteristically focus on organizational effectiveness, and may also comprise data-sharing agreements and additional best- practice sharing vehicles for member organizations. Prominent examples contain the American Hospital Association and the University Health systems consortium. Roles of Managing healthcare: There are numerous roles in managing healthcare. Some of them are pay attention to Medical Shoppers, turn workers into problem solvers, speak up beneficially (Managerial practices that elicit results from front-line employees, maintain the mental health, widening focus, pay attention for side effects, healthcare examination and prospects and using of internet ,etc. Workers must use the system to speak up when they meet a problem. Managers obtain extra value when reporters speak up constructively by proposing suggestions that facilitate process development. Managers can encourage employees to speak up about difficulties and they can encourage them to offer solutions. When managers had been more practical in responding to occasion reports, there was a better probability that staff would share their suggestions and actions taken to resolve the underlying problems, which is very valuable data for managers because they are not likely to be able to get this information elsewhere. How can front-line workers be encouraged to speak up when they know how to enlarge an organizations operation processes? This question is mostly urgent in healthcare industry, where difficulties happen often and consequences range from insignificant inconveniences to serious patient damage. This is more effective in departments whose managers are less involved in problem solving. Efforts at the organizational level can compensate for managers who cannot or do not produce an environment that stimulates front-line workers to speak up. Over and above the human cost triggered by deaths and suffering during a time of struggle, stairs of conflict are often left in poor financial circumstances and mental-health suffering even after the conflict finishes. While considerable attention has been paid to post-war rules with regard to recovery in physical and human capital, mental health has received comparatively less attention. Mental health is insignificant dimension of human capital. Mental health suffering, while a trouble of concern in and of itself, might also have adverse consequences for individuals labor force participation and labor output in the post-conflict period, thereby delaying financial recovery after the conflict ends. Understanding the efforts of focus and spillovers might help hospitals determine how they should balance focusing in a single medical area with building expertise in connected areas. Hospitals dedicating a bigger portion of their business to giving patients in related service groups (i.e. those with the potential for knowledge spillovers) skill higher returns to specialization in a focal facility. Ultimately, those results offer a potential description for why there might be declining returns to focusing an organization on a single operating activity (or narrow set of activities), mainly when it is possible to participate in other activities that accompaniment the organizations area of concentration. Managers can study from an understanding of how doctors think. There might be more significant implications for managers in the methods that doctors are trained. Many resemblances can note between the thinking of medical and management practitioners and the environment in which it is carried out. Doctors hurry when the disease is serious, managers when met with little time and pressure to get things done; managers fail to think well and so make poor conclusions. Doctors are trained troubleshooters. It takes many years to study to operate using such a scientific method in answering problems. Managers focus on making resolutions with slight information, not through a rigorous review of the facts. Though the Internet has woven itself into most aspects of life, limited fields have modified if more vigorously, and at times controversially, than healthcare. Managers can use internet facilities to give a better management. Healthcare and the internet are suited for each other, because no one needs to pay for either. The healthcare field is emerging as one of the busiest laboratories for exciting now business models and the risks are high indeed. While supplying patient care has always been a primary aim of healthcare organizations, financial results have long been the metric by which success is measured. Progressively, however, healthcare leaders are being held accountable for both medical and economic outcomes. As a result, it is crucial that healthcare executives and suppliers gain an understanding of the determinants of organizational effectiveness- strategy, finance, operations and leadership. Management theories in social care: Management theory is a widespread term which is used lightly to refer to research discoveries, frameworks, propositions, beliefs, views, saws and suggestions, all of which seek to describe how managers should manage. There are a number of theories about managing service delivery in social care. Some of them are Bureaucracy theory, scientific management theory, Administrative theory, Human relations theory, Neo-human relations theory and Guru Theory, etc. Max Webers theory of bureaucracy was established in a historical- philosophical context. His interests were in the process of social modification, and in particular, in the effect of rationality on religious thought and capitalism. By rationality he meant the kind of action or mode of organizing in which goals are clearly conceived and all conduct, except that designated to reach the specific goal, is rejected. The application of his idea of rationality to the organizational context is what secured this social scientists pre- eminent location in modern management thought. The term that Weber applied to the organizational form built upon pure legal- rational authority was bureaucracy. The Weber and model of bureaucracy gives a steady and predictable world which supplies the blueprint for rational designed structures in which rational individuals carry out their roles and actions. For Weber, the bureaucratic form of organization possessed the features of specialization, hierarchy, rule s, impersonality, full- time officials, career focus and a split between public and private activity. Developed at the starting of the twentieth century, Frederick Winslow Taylors theory of scientific management focused upon shop floor organization, and upon the methods that could be used to exploit the productivity of manual workers. Scientific management principals such as a perfect division of task and responsibilities between management and workers, scientific choice and training of workers, development of the one- best- way of working, and the application of financial incentives, all remain to be used to this day. The primary focus of administrative theory was on the determination of which types of specialization and hierarchy would enhance the efficiency of organizations. The theory is constructed around the four central pillars- the division of labor, the scalar and useful processes organizational structure, and the span- of- control. The role of managing service delivery in social care: Managers in social work want to have several talents. Some of them are good vision which is informed by connecting service users and other partners, ability to lead and support staff to work with service users and their careers to influence service development and outcomes, take responsibility and be accountable for good training, ability to influence a wide range of stakeholders to promote a social model of care and its values and they should be able to deal with the conflicts, pressures, and gate- keeping roles in managing social work services, taking account of individual and community heeds. Frameworks for delivery in social care: A framework for leadership and management progress wants to be broad in its scope given the breadth of change that is already taking place across social work services and the demands this creates for effective leadership and management. The framework should therefore address the following areas, professional and practice management, political management, strategic management, operational management, academic management and citizen management. Implementation of management in social care: Evaluation of the outline for leadership and management development as it is implemented is also recommended to ensure that it reaches the goals identified, meets the identified needs and that it continues to be relevant. Evaluation will be dangerous to understanding what is successful and where blockages happen. This will assist in identifying what additional action is wanted to ensure empowering and enabling leadership and effective management is in place to deliver improved results for users and careers. Challenges of managing service delivery in social care: A major challenge for leadership and management across social work services is one of change management. To deliver the vision set out in the 21st century social work review needs transforming how we think about services, how we deliver those services and a shared view of what the changes we are seeking to make should deliver. Beginning the right culture and climate for change to implement the review successfully is critical to its achievement. Conclusion: With a better managing service delivery we can develop health and social care more successfully.

A Lady in a Machine-Shop Essay -- Susan Bivin Aller

In "A Lady in a Machine-Shop," Susan Bivin Aller uses creativity, determination, and confidence to demonstrate how they led Margaret Knight to succession as an inventor. Knight and her family moved to Manchester, New Hampshire when she was at a young age. At the age of twelve, Knight witnessed a mill worker injured by a steel-tipped shuttle. This motivated her to create a safety mechanism, her first invention, to prevent any further injuries in cotton mills. Knight's mind was built with creativeness and that helped her succeed. As Knight grew up with her brothers, she invented "sleds, kites, and other playthings that?were the envy of all the boys in town." Knight often had a smile on her face when making new items for her brothers. She enjoyed inventing and helping others in need. "Because she didn't play with dolls," like other girls did, Knight's mind developed independently and creatively. She was the type of person that had her own thoughts and feelings. When Knight worked at the Columbia Paper Bag Company, she wanted to improve how the machines made the bags. The bags were si...

Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe :: essays research papers

Question: In essay form, explain what this paragraph reveals about Okonkwo. Work specifically with the language proceeding through in an organized fashion. Structure of section †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Achievement o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What he wanted out of life o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Becoming a clan leader ï‚ §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fear – didn’t want to be weak ï‚ §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shame of childhood ï‚ §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmation of his masculinity ï‚ §Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harsh self judgment †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss (fish) o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loss (chi) In the paragraph on page 94 near the bottom, Achebe reveals the desperation that Okonkwo has fallen into because of his banishment. Okonkwo up to this point in the book has proven to be warrior-like in his approach to all things in life, but now we see that he has lost the battle of achieving the greatness, leaving him with a broken spirit. In the first section of the paragraph it is made known that Okonkwo was â€Å"†¦ruled by a great passion - to become one of the lords of the clan.† This was evident at the very beginning of the book by his fear of failure. The loathing he had for his father and what he stood for had driven Okonkwo to work hard through his entire life. This commitment help confirm the manliness that he had be seeking for, the one thing that could separate him from the shame of his childhood. However his strong will and determination has left him with a very egomaniacal self-image that leaves Okonkwo helpless when he actually fails in something. His banishment to Mbantu was a very hard blow to his self-image, leaving him weak and broken while trying to live there. The way Okonkwo refers to his banishment was that he â€Å"†¦had been cast out of his clan like a fish on to a dry, sandy beach, panting.† This pitiful image shows Okonkwo’s personal disgust, comparing himself to a lowly creature like a fish. The image of the fish out of water shows his suffrage, that a fish cannot live without water as Okonkwo cannot live without his clan and honour. The fact that the fish is panting shows that he is still alive but most likely suffering a slow and painful death. The analogy of a slow death shows how much Okonkwo sees the banishment as something that has completely destroyed his life and legacy and that his god had turned against him. In the Ibo tribe the chi or â€Å"personal god† plays a pivotal role in each person’s life. In this section we see that Okonkwo has lost faith in his chi saying that â€Å"†¦his personal god or chi was not made for great things.

The Nature Of Mankind :: essays research papers

Society is based upon a set of rules created for all men and woman. It represents that all people of all race, religion, and ethnicity should be treated equal. The unfortuante part about society is that not all people do accept the fact that everybody is the same. You wouldn't think that this has been going on for a very long time, but really, it has. It started in the past, it still occured in the century I know best, the twentith century, and it is still occuring to this very present day. The nature of mankind is corrupt, it always has been and it always will be. I believe that this is what will happen because based on the evidence I have read, heard, and watched on television, the nature of mankind is bad.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mankind led a hard life, men and women worked long, hard hours out in the fields, just so that they would be able to survive. People knew one way of doing things, and the thought of a different and easier way to do things was out of the question. So when it came to the discoveries of certain things, people were outraged. This goes back to the early 1600's when Galileo Galilei was inventing and discovering. He came up with an invention, the telescope, to see into the outer limits of the earth. He spent endless nights, and came up with the conclusion that the moon was actually made up of craters, mountains, and jagged surfaces. He announced to the public his discovery, and many people, including scientists, were outragged. Galileo was put on trial for wrongful thinking. People did not accept the fact that people were getting smarter, and the world was changing before their very eyes. Mankind is unreasonable, right before them ideas were being brought forward, and all they did was push them back down into the dirt. Pretty evil, the world was going to change anyway, it was not going to stay the same. It goes to show what mankind is also like. For example, if all of society is supposed to be equal, then why are nobles and the clergy only allowed to have important jobs, and the peasants forced to dig in the dirt for back breaking hours. Kings and or Queens controlled what people were to be doing, if they had to pay taxes and who they had to pay.

Criminal Justice Trends Paper

For the past 50 years, America’s criminal justice system has encountered several significant changes dealing with courts and policing. According to Marion and Oliver (2006), the historical Supreme Court rulings like Mapp v. Ohio and Miranda v. Arizona mold the way courts and law enforcement handle individuals charged with committing crimes. This paper will discuss the evolution of courts and law enforcement reflects the diverse and changing need for today’s population which is first importance, the urgency for cooperation and communication among criminal justice agencies and law enforcement within the country.Individuals must know the importance for courts and police to collaborate closely together for the goal of ensuring all laws are applied fair and equally, protect the public, and prevent crimes for all individuals. Police History Before the 13th century the primary function of justice during this century was getting revenge in other parts of the world in the same c entury made attempts to establish law and order in countries, such as Greece, Rome, and Egypt (NCWC, 2004). From 1066-1285 the Frankpledge of this time was the only system of justice in the English-speaking world (NCWC, 2004).The Frankpledge system went by another name as well its name was the tithing system, which was the same as tithing in church. This system was to take 10% of household earnings every Sunday, and a community of 10 separate households had the obligation to control its own law and order. If any man had knowledge of a crime it was his obligation to take part in things and taking part in the search of the perpetrator (NCWC, 2004). In time the tithing system world evolve into another system and its name was known as the parish constable-watch system (NCWC, 2004).The new system had a different method; the community would appoint one individual of the tithing system to serve for one-year as the constable. One duty of the constable was to employ other men in the communit y to perform duties at night; the name of this position was watchman (NCWC, 2004). These watchmen had to work in rural locations, which made up 10 things that were also known as one or 100ths would make up the shire (NCWC, 2004). Each shire community would appoint what was known as a shire-reeve or sheriff. In England around 1326 justices of the peace became the new title to replace the name shire-reeve (NCWC, 2004).One adoption of the American colonies was wholesale English policing and the rebirth of the sheriff’s position. Many of the early police departments had only two positions day and night personnel, and in 1845 many cities in American police departments were run by police chiefs (NCWC, 2004). Copying many of England’s reforms and innovations were policies the Americans would adapt for its own use. Of the many adaptations, the one to notice most (NCWC, 2004) is the Bowe Street Runner or known as the creation of the detective position in 1748 (NCWC, 2004).In 18 29 Sir Robert Peel of England wrote the first set of policing principles for the Metropolitan police department of London England. One principle was to become more proactive instead of reactive this gave birth to the patrol officer a principle American police would adopt (NCWC, 2004). Law enforcement has had many trial and errors (NCWC, 2004) in developing crime prevention programs. The best system to date is the creation of community policing, which began in the 1990s. The History of CourtsIn 1781 America became a nation with George Washington defeating Lord Cornwallis in Yorktown. One change dealing with colonial times, the United States courts has developed their own way to deal with social conscience and needs from the new nation. According to Currie (1992), the Sixth Amendment guarantees a public and speedy trial and informs all charges with a jury trial. Throughout history citizens were called to settle disputes, today’s juries are considered the hybrids of European, Ro man, Greek, and Egyptian jury practices.The jury system in America is also influence by the English jury system. Another one of America’s constitutional right is due process which is the basic for fairness that is important in the judicial system which allows our system to work with honor and integrity. According to Currie (1992), the factors of due process involve the United States Constitution; Amendments V, and XIV and in 1970 Illinois State Constitution adopted some rights for due process. For the past seven and half centuries due process was the mission of men persistent to create justice in the government.The federal courts for years used a method of suspended sentencing as a form of probation which in 1916; the Supreme Court ruled this was unconstitutional. President Coolidge in 1925 signed the Probation Act that gives the court’s permission to throw out imposition sentencing and give the defendant probation. The Speedy Trial Act was enacted by congress in1974 a t the point the United States Courts started the agency of Pretrial Service. The mission of this was to decrease crime by allowing individuals to be release into the community awaiting trial to decrease pretrial punishment.In 1982 the Pretrial Services Act was signed by President Reagan. The extending use of Pretrial Services to all federal courts started a specific milestone that we now know as Pretrial Service and Federal Probation system. As of today, officers are involved in the criminal procedure one the individual is arrested until the individual finish community regulations. Analysis of Courts and Policing Past and Present Law enforcement has gone through many challenges and changes since its inception in the 13th century.In the past 50 years to the present law enforcement has grown from just a few law enforcement agencies to many as many as 18, 760 departments with personnel amassing 940, 275, and a budget of $51 billion dollars these agencies share (NCWC, 2004). This is a c ollection of data taken in 2000 by a number of police departments in the United States (NCWC, 2004). This collection of data reports that the Justice and Treasury departments has 60 federal police departments, highway patrol has 26 departments, 23 state police departments, and Hawaii is the only state without a police department, but does have a public safety department (NCWC, 2004).In addition 35 states have other agencies with special investigative powers, which have its limits (NCWC, 2004). Throughout the United States (NCWC, 2004) Sheriff departments have well over 3, 000 department, and municipalities with well over 15, 000 police departments. The United States is the only country with many law enforcement agencies, and no one agency functions or has the same kind of departmental structure (NCWC, 2004). Much of the future of policing depends largely on the education of its personnel.The education of new recruits is essential for the way police will perform. Improving human rela tions and developing a strong sense of new technology is of supreme importance for policing in the future to become a success. Contemporary Opportunity Analysis With over 18,000 contemporary Law Enforcement agencies today designated more titles, roles, and responsibilities among its personnel depending on the jurisdiction mainly local and state police operated.Law enforcement’s maintains a leading role in controlling crime yet professionalism and ensuring due process for every person accused of a crime regardless of demographics but in today’s criminal justice system: race, age, gender, mental status, and prison over-capacity are factors affecting policy-making. As (Smith, 1990) proclaimed (â€Å"The greatest judicial pressure for police reform and professionalization came with the controversial decisions defining criminal defendants' rights during the Warren era. â€Å").Rehabilitation programs became a valuable resource and alternative to incarceration in many crim inal cases which coincide with community policing. In comparison, law enforcement and the courts have the opportunity to make changes to policies; both are policy-makers within the system with a set of rules for making decisions in which is usually the focus of a single issue (Marlon & Oliver, 2006). The new laws put in to place by the high court’s affects all players including police investigations through courts and parole in the criminal justice system because policies can be in written or verbal form and not all policies are effective.According to (Yackle, the Court's policy decisions affecting criminal justice are produced by the votes of the nine justices who select, hear, decide, and issue opinions in cases. With the demands from the public weighing heavy on the backs of the higher courts to change, enhance, block, or remove ineffective policies affects the criminal justice system as a direct result of conflicting problems or abuse of power by those in authority. Oppor tunities and Missed Opportunities for CooperationThe courts and the police have a great opportunity to work with defendants in the process from arrest to the trial if the incident goes to trial. From the adult defendants down to the juvenile defendants and with the court system down to the criminal justice system can play an important role in the process for the defendants. There are opportunities for both sides to improve on the analysis of the problem what makes the defendant do what he or she does again and again to end up in the criminal justice system, i. e. social standing or environment (Williams, 2013).When it comes to the courts and the police there should be clear goals, objectives and priorities when it comes to the process from arrest to trial and the communications between both sides should be clear. There should be improved programs and services to support the victim, the victim’s family and the defendant by the police and the courts. The main goal of the courts and the police is communications and having clear goals and the opportunities for cooperation will be there and there will not be any missed opportunities for cooperation.One complete criminal justice system working together for the improvement of the justice system as a whole, that should be the focus and the goal clearly now and in the future (Williams, 2013). Conclusion The American Colonists used the English Policing and Judicial systems as the basis to establish our own systems when they established America as a new fledgling nation. When we borrowed England’s Policing and Judicial systems many items were changed and modernized to fit our needs. Sir Robert Peel is known today as the father of modern policing around the world.His set of principles for the Metropolitan Police Force of London led to modernization and professionalization of our police forces here in America. The court system that we borrowed from England was in no way perfect, so we changed our laws with th e introduction and passage of the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and fourteenth constitutional amendments. These amendments make the American Judicial System one that focuses on Due Process and ensures that all defendants are innocent until proven guilty. Today many nations model our policing and judicial systems, which is a tribute to the American Criminal Justice System.

The Plains Indians Were Cruel, Blood-Thirsty and Uncivilised

It Is the story of all that is holy and good to tell and of us two legged sharing it with the four legged ND the wings of the air – all green things; for these are the children of one mother and their father is one spirit† Initially out first impression of the plains Indians from simply this source, is that they are peace loving, good natured folk with pure hearts and love and respect for all creatures, we find them referring to all creatures as equal.This In one way makes them appear more civilized from their white American brothers, as we know that the Americans did not believe that humans were equal to plants or animals. These beliefs of the plains Indians give us a first impression that causes us to disagree with the initial question. From source five on page thirteen, Black Elk describes his vision, this is probably where we, as historians may choose to question their level of civilization compared to the white American folk, and even us.We In the 21st century certa inly do not go about searching for visions and neither did the white Americans. So does this cause me to question how classed the plains Indians actually were? To be perfectly honest, no it does not. I believe it is just like if one were to question the religion of another person, the Indians did not quest for scions and talk to spirits because they were less developed and/or less civilized than us or the white Americans, it was simple their tradition and belief, much like Islamic belief In the teachings of Muhammad.This life of conversing with spirits and questing for visions suited them perfectly and does not change my opinions on them so far. Perhaps the second thing we encounter In this unit Is the various rituals and dances the plains Indians took part in, at first this does not seem to strange as it is another one of their beliefs and traditions, however after we have studied these in ore detail we might be somewhat shocked to learn the details of a few dances in particular, o ne of these dances (the sun dance) is considered rather horrific and brutal In my opinion.The sun dance involves an Indian brave, having gashes cut Into his back, and ropes latched onto the flesh Inside and hung from a tree, this young brave would then partake in dancing and praying to the great spirit (known as Waken Tank). This is one of the things that greatly shocked the white American people, to them it was considered horrific and taboo, they thought such beliefs of the plains Indians were ludicrous, and caused their opinions of the tribes to waiver, and think them bloodthirsty and immoral. Studying the tribes, I can say I agree.This was Just but another one of the Indians' traditions, they knew In their hearts that good would a bloodthirsty act, perhaps it was interpreted so by the white American people, but to the Indians it was Just a perfectly normal and customary tradition that bore no maliciousness or anything considered (to them) bloodthirsty. Moving on, we began to stud y in detail how the plains Indians hunted and gathered food, namely in the form f hunting buffalo. The main way, in which the Indians hunted buffalo was on horseback, using bows and arrows in order to kill the game and being back the carcasses for food, and many other uses.This would seem normal to them, however to the white Americans it could be somewhat frowned upon and seen as uncivilized, again I disagree. When the Americans learned that the buffalo was used for more than Just meat one can imagine their reaction, they were not used to such treatment of animals, normally the American people would Just take the meat and possibly the did. However the plains Indians used almost every single part of the beast, including many of the organs and bones.Naturally the Americans who would obviously be afraid of their cultural differences saw this as ‘bloodthirsty when of course the Indians were Just being practical, rather than uncivilized. I can empathic why the Americans might have thought the way they did though, I mean wouldn't you be surprised if your neighbor started using dung as a form of fuel for their car? Continuing on to another significant point of reference was the family life of the lain Indians; this is probably where the white American folk acquired all their assumptions of the plains Indians.To being with, the Americans probably frowned upon the fact that the Indians were always moving, I can understand why as the American people were probably settles, happy and content with where they lived, however the plains Indians always being on the move might have caused them to seem somewhat homeless, like a vagrant on the streets to the Americans perhaps? I disagree with this because I believe that the plains Indians thought the whole plains s their homes, not Just one little settlement.Source nine on page twenty five, an extract from a book by George Cattail explains that women who are giving birth pass through the painful process with ease, although there is little evidence to show this, perhaps this was also thought uncivilized by the American folk, this might be because the women, who were simple giving birth with no huge amount of suffering, leads us to believe they encounter such labor in daily life, or have adapted to such conditions, the Americans clearly could not cope with child birth in the same way that he Indian women could so they may have thought that their lives were a lot more physical, stressful and tiring compared to theirs. This however is not true in my opinion because the Indians Just went about their lives in the way that they did, and this somewhat of an adaptation was a mere side effect of their nomadic lives (being on horseback often).Another reason that causes me to disagree with the statement is the way that children are treated, it is said on page twenty five that the children of the tribe were very rarely misbehaved, and were taught to respect all living things ND elders from birth. They were also ra rely punished, and in extreme cases they merely had cold water thrown on them. This seems a lot less harsh than the way modern man deals with children and also the how the American folk did too. This is another reason that makes the Indians seem more civilized in a way, as their children seemed to be a lot better behaved, despite being breast fed for longer. Moving on to and cruel.The whit American folk would care for their elders, put them in homes so they could be treated to help them live longer and keep them happy. However old people often were Just left behind when they became too weak to travel, to die on their own. Or some even went off to die by themselves. This I must admit seems rather cruel, but it was usually by the elder's choice and so it does not seem as bad as it initially seems to be. Widows also, seemed to be dealt with in a strange manner compared to today, when a brave was killed in battle, the widow would soon be married to another man, to keep the woman protect ed, and also so more children could be conceived.Moving on once more, I think that in terms of how law and order ere kept, the Indians were a lot less organized, however this worked for them very well. In source two on page twenty nine, we find that the Comanche tribe elect chief in a very unconventional way, it is said â€Å"No one made him such; he Just got that way'. This suggests that the actual chief of the tribe was not selected because of diplomatic, politic or people skills, he Just simply seemed a goof man for the Job. This would give an impression of uncivilized behavior toward said white Americans, but once again, to them it seemed normal and thought well of. As we move on to talk bout battles, this is probably where all the accusations of blood thirst and cruelty matter most.The Indians had very different beliefs and ideas about battles and bravery, the most prominent example of this is of course, ‘scalping. Scalping is the art of literally, cutting off an enemy's scalp in the midst of battle, now this seems very harsh at first look, the poor victim doesn't necessarily have to be dead to receive this treatment, so why does it happen? What makes these people so cruel? Is it because they are indeed, bloodthirsty and malicious? After careful study of various source, I o not believe so. Although to the victim, and to the historian who observes this act for the first time, it seems that this is simple bloodless in the heat of battle, the plains Indians have very different reasons for this treatment.You see, within a tribe there are various ranks of men, these ranks are determined by how brave the particular warrior performs in battle, to touch and enemy, to steal a horse, to kill a man is all counted toward the Indians honor, to bring back an enemy scalp is not a thirst for blood or an act of cruelty, it is a prize of honor, and proof to the tribe that the airier is skilled in battle. These scalps are dried out and hung, or used to adorn the warr ior's body to show what a skilled warrior he was. However as white Americans believed bravery was achieved by simply standing and fighting until you died for your country, naturally this reaction was probably one of fear, and perhaps disbelief.These accusations of being uncivilized and cruel are by no means true in my opinion, I believe it is down to ignorance of the white Americans who observed the Indians, it is not that they are bloodthirsty, but the clash and blatant differences in the cultures ads the more ‘civilized' in to believing so. If one was in a situation where you Were' in one of these Indian tribes, you would by no means think you are bloodthirsty, uncivilized and cruel. So to conclude, I disagree with this earlier statement because I believe the Indians were Just behaving in a way which seemed normal to them, and I strongly think that the Indians did not believe that they were cruel. Which I believe is what matters most. These rituals and battle procedures were important, spiritual and normal to them, and that in my eyes does not make them bloodthirsty or malicious in