Children and Adolescents with New-Onset Epilepsy

Youngsters and teenagers with new-beginning epilepsy Journal Article Epilepsy is one of the most well-known neurologic issue in youth, with a boundless pace of roughly 3-4 for every 1,000. In the paper they investigate parent’s impression of their child’s personal satisfaction and the effect of the conclusion on their family. It’s discussing how the parent’s and children’s lives get acquainted with regular ordinary working exercises. At whatever point there is any passionate prosperity, confidence, and physical changes with their condition because of the epilepsy. Information was gathered as a major aspect of the Stand and New Antiepileptic drugs (SANAD) trial.SANAD thought about clinical preliminary and cost-viability of standard and new AEDs. SANAD enlisted 2,437 patients (1,983 age more seasoned than 16 years; 454 youngsters age somewhere in the range of 5 and 16 years), with history of at least two unmistakable unmerited seizures in the earlier year. Discusses the essential results were an ideal opportunity to treatment disappointment, and time to year reduction. Kids from 8-15 years were approached to answer self-complete polls every year and from that point for a long time for SANAD. The guardians gave composed agree to long haul development. Guardians were approached to finish surveys to evaluate their child’s nature of life.It discusses guardians being influenced by their child’s seizures at home or at family trips. How it can negatively affect regular things they do. I concur that kids with epilepsy (CWE) are bound to have learning handicaps and to encounter scholarly underachievement. Well I concur on the grounds that it’s effectively difficult for youngsters to fit in at school and to attempt to center is significantly harder. I concur with the finding that puberty is a basic period for personality development and friend bunch ID. Being an outsider from their companions is a significant worry fo r adolescents.I concur in light of the fact that the youths can encounter reluctant, embarrassed about their epilepsy, and clandestine conduct. I concur with the finding that solitary guardians have less help from different systems, may make them be progressively worried about their child’s prosperity. I concur on the grounds that their lone help is normally themselves, from that point, it’s difficult raising and thinking about a wiped out youngster. I concur with the contention that it is a seizure occasion, not an analysis of epilepsy that impacts on day by day working. Since an epileptic assault is all the more damaging and over whelming for a kid, at that point being let you know have epilepsy.Which a few young people don’t recognize what this implies for them. The individuals who scored >13 are viewed as mental dreariness. Youngsters with new-beginning epilepsy had essentially less fortunate for physical, enthusiastic and friend’s areas. An ongoin g report discovered youngsters in the United Kingdom revealed low degrees of kid prosperity, in spite of generally significant levels of riches, contrasted with kids from other European nations. What I discovered intriguing was that CWE ought to be surveyed for psychosocial issues before all else so intercession should be possible in an ideal opportunity for no further harm with the child.Interventions mean to expand confidence. I accept these investigations are incredible assets for the groups of the epileptic kids. It gives them more understanding in their ordinary capacities throughout everyday life. Without these sort of studies guardians may be confused to what could be going on to their kid in school or even at home. It hard for the groups of these young people to experience these sorts of preliminaries, yet with all the data and care groups out there it tends to be exceptionally useful for everybody. All in all I accept with increasingly moral help and tolerance, much should be possible for youngsters with these unique conditions.

Scope of Liability for Negligent Misstatement by Professionals Assignment

Extent of Liability for Negligent Misstatement by Professionals - Assignment Example Extent of Liability for Negligent Misstatement Test of Negligence Generally, for a case of carelessness to stand, one needs to demonstrate three components. These components are: That there was an obligation of care owed to the petitioner by the respondent, That the obligation of care owed was penetrated, That the break caused sensibly predictable harm borne by the inquirer These grounds have been applied for cases including individual injury. In any case, with regards to careless error by experts, this control test may not be suitable, all the more so with regards to the component of sensible predictability. In Caparo Industries Plc V Dickman, Lord Oliver predicted a circumstance whereby an expert would be available to a boundless extent of obligation, if the trial of sensible predictability alone was applied, (Katter 2003, P. 1). ... An obligation of care will just emerge where the exhortation supplier, explicitly or impliedly, ensured the data client that he will practice due consideration when offering the necessary expression. The individual offering guidance must be in control of uncommon aptitudes and judgment on which the petitioner depended on. This won't get the job done if as indicated by the conditions, it was irrational for the petitioner to depend on such an announcement. The data supplier, at the hour of giving the announcement, more likely than not known or sensibly expected to know, that the petitioner would depend on the announcement given. On account of Hedley Byrne and Co. Ltd V Heller and Partners Ltd, the offended parties who were a publicizing organization had endured monetary misfortunes because of the careless proclamation of the respondent bank about the budgetary remaining of one of its customers. It was held that where there exists a unique relationship and an individual gives off base a rticulations where it was sensibly predictable that that data was to be followed up on, risk could emerge for misfortunes continued from that dependence. With regards to the prerequisite of exceptional relationship, obligation confined uniquely to sensible conditions. This forestalls a circumstance whereby different cases could be made against a similar respondent who has offered a careless expression that ends up affecting numerous individuals. So as to limit such numerous cases emerging from a similar misquote, the court spread out the fundamental of exceptional relationship on account of Caparo Industries V Dickman (1990). These fundamental are: That the producer of the announcement realized that it would be imparted to offended party, regardless of whether named or anonymous. That the counsel given was corresponding to a specific exchange or one that is ascertainable. That the producer of the announcement

How to Practice Autogenic Training for Relaxation

How to Practice Autogenic Training for Relaxation Social Anxiety Disorder Coping Print Autogenic Training for Reducing Anxiety By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on October 20, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on November 29, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Autogenic training can help you to relax in a variety of situations. Paul Bradbury/Caiaimage/Getty Images In This Article Table of Contents Expand Overview Social Anxiety Disorder How to Practice Autogenic Training View All Autogenic training is a type of relaxation technique that can be used to help reduce anxiety, including that experienced as part of social anxiety disorder (SAD). It can be incorporated into regular treatment such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or used on your own as a self-help strategy.?? What Is Autogenic Training? Autogenic training is a relaxation technique first introduced by German psychiatrist Johannes Heinrich Schultz in 1932.?? Schultz noticed that individuals undergoing hypnosis entered a relaxed state in which they experienced feelings of heaviness and warmth, and he sought to recreate that state in people to reduce tension and anxiety. Autogenic training works through a series of self-statements about heaviness and warmth in different parts of the body. Through this process,  a positive effect is induced on the autonomic nervous system. Although less well-known than other relaxation techniques  such as progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery, a meta-analytic study in 2008 found the efficacy of autogenic training in the treatment of anxiety.?? Use of Autogenic Training in Easing SAD Symptoms In terms of social anxiety disorder, autogenic training may aid in relaxation and help to reduce symptoms of anxiety when combined with other forms of treatment. Just as with other forms of relaxation training, autogenic training may help you to feel calm and relaxed in social and performance situations.??   If you practice autogenic training often enough, the simple words I am completely calm may be enough to induce a state of relaxation. If you struggle with medical conditions or significant psychiatric conditions, consult with your doctor prior to beginning any type of relaxation training exercise. Prep for Relaxation Before you start, follow these instructions to prepare yourself for relaxation:Find a quiet place free from distractions.Lie on the floor or recline in a chair.Loosen any tight clothing and remove glasses or contacts.Rest your hands in your lap or on the arms of the chair. How to Practice Autogenic Training Follow these steps to practice autogenic training: Take a few slow even breaths. If you have not already, spend a few minutes practicing diaphragmatic breathing. Quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Focus attention on your arms. Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My arms are very heavy. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Refocus attention on your arms. Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My arms are very warm. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Focus attention on your legs. Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My legs are very heavy. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Refocus attention on your legs. Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My legs are very warm. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My heartbeat is calm and regular. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My breathing is calm and regular. Then q uietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My abdomen is warm. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Quietly and slowly repeat to yourself six times, My forehead is pleasantly cool. Then quietly say to yourself, I am completely calm.Enjoy the feeling of relaxation, warmth, and heaviness. When you are ready, quietly say to yourself, Arms firm, breathe deeply, eyes open. In addition to following these instructions, you may consider using a voice recording, such as the free MP3 audio file offered by McMaster University, in Ontario Canada, with directions on practicing autogenic training.?? The use of an audio recording will allow you to fully relax and concentrate on the technique. Be sure to stop autogenic training and consult your doctor if you experience feelings of extreme anxiety or restlessness or any other adverse effects during or after practicing autogenic training. A Word From Verywell Severe social anxiety is not something you have to live with. If you find that self-help relaxation exercises are not making a difference in your symptoms, it is important to visit your doctor and ask for a referral to a mental health professional. If you feel too nervous or scared to approach your doctor, try confiding in a family member, friend, teacher, or school counselorâ€"whoever you feel that you would be comfortable enough with to share. There are effective treatments for this type of anxiety. The sooner you seek help, the sooner you can feel better. The Best Treatments for Social Anxiety Disorder

The Crucible By Arthur Miller - 780 Words

â€Å"Good and bad are but names very readily transferable to that or this; the only right is what is after my constitution.† (Emerson). The Crucible by Arthur Miller is a work of historical fiction that illustrates the Salem witch trials that occurred between 1692 and 1693 in Salem, Massachusetts. In the play, several esteemed members of Salem are tried and hung for the crime of practicing witchcraft. A wave of hysteria washes over the town as people realize that nobody is safe. In the play Arthur Miller explores the potential of using the word â€Å"name† to create a system of checks and balances on the characters in the play. In the beginning of Act I, just after Betty Parris has fallen ill, Parris asks Abigail about her credibility in the town. Reverend Parris had found Abigail, Betty, and Ruth Putman dancing in the woods with Tituba. Parris had walked in on them and supposedly frightened both Betty and Ruth into a coma-esque illness. At this point in the book, Parris wonders how much weight Abigail Williams’s words will have in the town if he should need someone to corroborate his story. â€Å"Your name in the town - it is entirely white is it not?† (1031). At this point in the play, the meaning of the word â€Å"name† has come to represent one’s reputation. Reverend Parris uses this word This gives power to Abigail Williams as it establishes that she is a credible source. In Act II, as the chain of accusations began, Abigail Williams accuses Goody Proctor of practicing witchcraft.Show MoreRelatedThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1269 Words   |  6 PagesAt first glance, the playwright Arthur Miller in The Crucible highlights the historical significance of the Salem Witch Trials of 1692, but in fact it is an allegorical expression of his perception of McCarthyism. If the reader has some background information on Arthur Miller’s victimization as a communist, it is evident that the play is a didactic vessel illustrating the flaws of the court system in the 1950’s. The communist allegations were launched at government employees, entertainers and writersRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1681 Words   |  7 Pagesof their way to the last dying breath to make sure they leave with a good or bad reputation. In one of the recent literature study in class â€Å"The Crucible† by Arthur Miller, Miller uses characterization to illustrate rep utation throughout the play. â€Å"The Crucible† takes place in Salem, Massachusetts. It is based upon the Salem witch trails. In â€Å"The Crucible†, we journey through the life of three characters who reputations plays a major role in the play. The three characters are John Proctor, AbigailRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1333 Words   |  6 PagesAs the various characters in The Crucible by Arthur Miller interact, the dominant theme of the consequences of women’s nonconformity begins to slide out from behind the curtains of the play. Such a theme reveals the gripping fear that inundated the Puritans during the seventeenth century. This fear led to the famous witch-hunts that primarily terrorized women who deviated from the Puritan vision of absolute obedience and orthodoxy. Arthur Miller presents his interpretation of the suffering by subtlyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller998 Words   |  4 Pagesmotivated by jealousy and spite. The Crucible is a four-act dramatic play production that was first performed on January 22, 1953. Arthur Miller used dialogue within the characters to cover the multiple themes; conflicts and resolutions, plus the few directions for the different actions of the play. The Salem Witch Trials were intended to be performed as the play however, when read, it can be more carefully examined and broken down to analyze the techniques. Miller, the playwright, uses literaryRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1145 Words   |  5 PagesUnbalance Through The Centuries In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, the author reflects the persecution of communists in America in the 1950’s through a recount of the Salem witch trials. It is often presumed that Miller based his drama directly off of events that were particularly prevalent in the years surrounding the publication of The Crucible- which was released in the year 1953, towards the conclusion of the Korean War. Although there was not a literal witch hunt occurring during this timeRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn the English dictionary, there are three definitions of the word crucible. One is a metal container in which metals are mixed and melted. Another is a severe test. But the third definition, and the one that I think fits the best for this book, is a place or situation in which different elements interact to create something new. In my mind, this fits because all of the characters had their little grudges and dirty secrets. But when all th ose seemingly little things interact, they formed somethingRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1285 Words   |  6 Pages Rationale, Morality, Stereotypes, Pressure, Self-Censorship, Unanimity, and Mindguards. Groupthink has also taken place in our history a a country. The play, The Crucible by Arthur Miller is about a the real-life Salem Witch Trials that happened in 1692 - 1693, in Salem, Massachusetts. Some symptoms of Groupthink found in the Crucible are Rationale, Pressure, and Self-Censorship. The Groupthink symptom, Rationale, is described as when victims of Groupthink ignore warnings: they also collectivelyRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller811 Words   |  4 Pages While The Crucible, by Arthur Miller, is only a four act play, it still resembles the format of a five act play. The five-act structure evolved from a three-act structure, which was made famous by Roman Aelius Donatus. Donatus came up with three types of plays: Protasis, Epitasis, and Catastrophe. The five-act structure helped to expand the three act structure, mainly made famous by Shakespeare through his many tragedies. Even though The Crucible contains only four acts, it still has the commonRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1052 Words   |  5 PagesBuddy Al-Aydi Ms.Healy English 9 CP 14th October 2014 The Crucible Essay The Crucible was a novel written by Arthur Miller in the 1950’s. It was written in a format of the play, portraying an allegory of the Salem Witch-Hunts led by Senator Joseph McCarthy. The book is known to have a inexplicable plot. This plot is advanced by multiple characters in the book in order to ensure that the reader maintains interest with the material that is being read. The farmer, John Proctor, would be theRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller841 Words   |  4 PagesThe Crucible is a chaotic play, throughout this American classic Arthur Miller takes the reader through multiple events of terror and insanity. While creating a great on-stage play, Arthur Miller portrays his life through the events, the characters, and plot of The Crucible. Using vivid imagery and comprehensible symbolism, Miller manipulates the real personalities of the characters and events in 1600 Salem, Massachusetts to create a symbolic autobiography. Throughout this play, the reader experie nces

Morrisons View on Gender in the Black Community Between...

In the novel â€Å"Sula†, Toni Morrison presents a very different view on gender in the black community between 1919 and 1965. Written in 1973 after the Civil Rights movement and during the feminist movement, Morison breaks down the traditional gender barriers from as early as 1919, proving that black females were â€Å"women† much sooner than their white â€Å"lady† counterparts. Morrison depicts matriarchal homes where the women are the dominant figures who even go as far as to emasculate their male opposites. All the women are presented as being independent due to being either abandoned by their husbands or refusing to conform to the convention of marriage. The relationship between Nel and Sula goes far beyond the bounds of a normal relationship. They†¦show more content†¦She also emasculates her own son, calling him Plum Baby rather than his birth name. The sheer strength of Eva is evident when she chooses to murder her own son rather than allow him to suffer any longer. This idea of emasculating men is also apparent when Sula and Nel come across the Irish boys. Sula’s strength is evident when she cuts off the tip of her finger and she threatens them with far worse than cutting off their fingers. â€Å"If I can do that to myself, what you suppose I’ll do to you?†(Morrison 55), she asks as she alludes to castrating the boys. â€Å"The images attached to marriage in Sula are far from complimentary, with this social institution literally signalling the death of female imagination and individuality† (Carmean 37-38). For men, marriage becomes a confirmation of their manhood in a society where they are constantly oppressed and made to feel inferior to both their male and female white counterparts. Jude sees marriage as an opportunity to have â€Å"some posture of adulthood recognised† (Morrison 82). Morrison attempts to break down the traditional gender roles and stereotypes. Sexually, Sula is more like a man than a woman. She wants to make herself and not define or be defined by others. â€Å"The sexual act for Sula becomes an act of self-exploration and independence† (Carmean 40) Sula is able to provide for herself from some unspecified source and is not

Necessity of Nursing Free Essays

The Necessity of Nursing Assistants to Improve the Quality of Patient Care Introduction The quality of care received by patients is of fundamental importance to healthcare organizations. A well-documented happening that has Impacted health care settings across the world Is the nursing shortage (Tasks. 2003). We will write a custom essay sample on Necessity of Nursing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to the current nursing shortage, it is often difficult for nurses to provide all the care patients need. According to Quality (2005), by reason of this shortage of Registered Nurse (RAN) staff, there are many less-complex tasks that Urns can delegate to Nursing Assistants (NAs). This allows Urns to concentrate on more complex nursing tasks. Improving the patients’ overall quality of care. Nursing Assistants fulfill an important role in today’s health care industry. Problem Analysis The Nurse Executive of a 125-bed health care facility believes that the facility needs more NAs to improve patient care. This belief was brought on by Physical Therapists noting that many patients are not ambulating or sitting up as often as they should. Nursing Assistants are fundamental to the daily routine in all healthcare facilities, and therefore an Increase in their numbers would lad In solving this dilemma Quality, 2005). According to the American Nurses Association, delegation of tasks must be based on the state’s nurse practice act, as well as the individual skills of the person that the task is being delegated. The current situation of needing additional caregivers to lad In patients ambulating and sitting up would be an optimal opportunity to employ NAs to assist with this less complex task (Quality, 2005). Additionally, because Medicare and Medicaid payments are declining, employing NAs to assist patients is a cost-effective way to provide quality care. There is a significant cost savings in employing NAs, rather than hiring additional Urns, or Physical Therapists. The average Nurse Assistant salary ranges from $21 ,620 to $24,260, while Urns and Physical Therapists salary ranges from $49,600 to $59,521 (Quality, 2005). Higher acuity and rehabilitative needs of patients, along with increased life expectancy and the amount of people older that 65, establishes an obvious demand for NAs. This demand will only Increase as the baby boomers reach the age of 65 (Pennington, Congo. ; Magical, 2007). According to Whittle, Robinson, Henderson, ; Anderson (2005), elders are prone to experience an overall national decline in activities of daily living. The current problem being a need for additional staff to assist with patients requiring ambulation and sitting up must be addressed. Inability to provide quality care results in increased length of stay. As well as increased discharges to nursing homes (Whittle, et al. , 2005) When adequately trained, educated, and appropriately supervised, lower paid, non-professional staff tofu can greatly relieve the burden on Physical Therapists and Urns. This allows Urns and Physical Therapists to adequately provide patient care requiring their professional bevel of skill and education (Tasks, 2003). As a consequence of this current situation an efficient and effective plan must be brought into action. Strategies A possible strategy to immediately manage this current patient care situation on an interim basis until a permanent plan can be implemented would be to redistribute the workload of the NAs currently working. Currently the average AN spends most of their time changing linens and bathing. Giving approximately eight to ten baths and changing linens each day leaves little time for assisting patient with activities of daily living, specifically sitting up and ambulating. This writer suggests giving patients a bath and changing linens every other day, unless soiled. Partial baths are to be given on the off days. All patients will receive daily face, hand, and perinea care; male patients will be shaved daily (Whittle, et al. , 2005). The hospital patient advocate can develop a patient information flyer to be provided to all patients describing the new practices and purpose for them. The NAs would assist patients with sitting three times daily, preferable at meal times. Not only does this simulate a routine, it facilitates the digestive process and decreases the risk of aspiration. Additionally, NAs will ambulate patients according to the recommendations of the Physical Therapist and document the distance of ambulation; working with patients daily to increase this distance over the course of their hospital stay. Whittle et al. (2005), performed research on elders similar to the suggestion of the writer. Their research found that the presence of having NAs available to assist with sitting up and ambulating patients would be highly supported by Physical Therapists and Urns. Additionally, they received no complaints from patients about the decreased frequency of bathing. Possible positive patient outcomes are decreased length of stay and fewer discharges to nursing homes. Moreover, their research revealed that AN turnover decreased from 175% in 2000 to in 2004 (Whittle, et al. , 2005). A potential strategy of increasing the amount of NAs on a long-term scale is to implement measures to develop the skills of the non-professional staff. Investing the time and cost to educate and develop the internal resources of the facility will increase the capabilities of the AN. Additionally, employees are likely to experience higher levels of Job satisfaction. Healthcare organizations often have untapped sources of non-professional employees that would appreciate the opportunity to invest in their personal growth and education by enrolling in a facility provided training program. Increasing the level of NAs staffed and providing the quality of care all patients deserve will improve the overall morale of the facility. Further, patients will have a perception of increased quality of their hospital experience (Tasks, 2003). Budget Proposal Increasing the AN staffing is necessary for this facility. By increasing AN staff rather than Urns or Physical Therapists, it offers a dramatic savings to the facility. The alarm of a AN ranges from $21,620 to $24,260. The salary of Urns and Physical Therapists ranges from $49,600 to $59,521. This offers the facility a savings of $27,980 to $35,261. Basically this facility could hire two, possible three, NAs for the amount of one RAN, or Physical Therapists (Pennington, Congo, ; Magical, 2007). Due to the decrease of Medicare and Medicaid payments and allotted days of OSP tall stay; employing NAs could assist in more efficient recovery to patients Shortening the length of patient stays will decrease the usage of resources, therefore offering additional cost savings (Whittle, et al. 2005). For example, if a Medicare patient stays longer than the allotted time of the DRAG code, the facility is responsible for those costs (H. Mills, personal communication, November 10, 2008). For this reason, it is important to ensure that patients are discharged within their recommended hospital stay allowance, while still providing optimal care. Implementation of a facility training program would require a great amount of planning and effort. The hospital education department could use their resources to train the staff interested in assisting with the program. Additionally, once the AN students received this training they could be mentored by skilled and educated NAs during a four week proprietorship. Allowing nurse assistant students to train offers additional help to the patients as well as cost savings to the facility. If the starting salary of a AN is $21 ,620, over the course of a four week proprietorship, one student, training 20 hours each week, offers the facility cost savings of approximately $831. 54. By using the resources already within the facility, there is no additional cost. The only cost to the facility would be that of books for the students and supplies for the training. The cost of 15 Nursing Assistant books at $41. 95 would be $629. 25 (M. Richards, personal communication, November 5, 2008). These books could be signed out to the students and returned at the end of their class. The average cost of supplies used for training is $125. 00 (P. Step, personal communication, November 5, 2008). This cost could be a fee required for students to pay to be in the training program. Other than the cost of books this training program would not cost the facility an extreme amount of money and would greatly benefit the overall care received by patients, which should be the focus of all health care organizations. How to cite Necessity of Nursing, Papers

Soccer Business as a Possible Investment When Everything Depends on the Movement of a Foot

Soccer has become increasingly popular over the past few years, which obviously makes the given sport a good case of money investment; mainly because of its appeal and the tension which arises during the game, the given sports literally makes people roar with delight. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Soccer Business as a Possible Investment: When Everything Depends on the Movement of a Foot specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, like any other business, the given one has its strong and weak aspects. Despite its obvious flaws and unpredictability, soccer makes a good case of investment due to its shocking popularity, the participation in the world contests and the revenues in the case of a victory. The first and the foremost thing to say about soccer is the fact that it promotes a healthy lifestyle. Leaving alone the people who prefer rather watching football than actually following the example of the sportsmen and actually engage in soccer, even in amateur teams, one must admit that the promotion of soccer leads to engaging more young people into all sorts of soccer teams. Therefore, more people start taking care of their health, becoming more slender and losing excess weight. Another important thing about soccer is that it presupposes working in a team. Helping people to coordinate their own actions and at the same time adequately respond to the actions of their teammates, soccer makes people understand the importance of cooperation and trust. Once being able to play in an organized team, one will always remember the benefits of close cooperation. Finally, it is important to remember that soccer helps to give up a number of bad habits. Starting with smoking and up to the tendency to be absent-minded, the negative habits will soon disappear as one starts learning the secrets of playing football. Hence, there are a number of ways to promote soccer and, thus, increase its popularity, which will make people join soccer clubs and contribute to the development of business based on the given kind of sports. On the other hand, there are considerable disadvantages that can possibly hinder the development of business based on soccer. Taking a closer look at the arguments offered by Kuper Szymanski (2009), one can see that there are considerable issues concerning the given kind of sports. As Kuper Szymanski (2009) explain, the issue is rather about the soccer clubs than the actual sport (Kuper Szymanski, 2009, 81). Still, although the authors’ claim that soccer is a stupid kind of business to begin with: â€Å"Anyone who spends any time inside soccer soon discovers that just as oil is a part of the oil business, stupidity is part of the soccer business† (Kuper Szymanski, 2009), they actually do not offer sufficient proof for the given fact. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15 % OFF Learn More Perhaps, the idea which Kuper Szymanski are trying to convey is that soccer, like any kind of sports, should exist for the sake of sports, not money. However, of all means to make money, engaging more people in sports and, therefore, promoting a healthy lifestyle seems the least controversial. Hence, it can be concluded that there are more than sufficient reasons to invest in soccer and run a business related to soccer somehow. Despite all the possible threats for the investors, the game is worth the candles, for the prize for the team who at least takes part in the competition is quite substantial, not to mention the winning team who takes the Cup. In addition, organizing and coordinating soccer clubs will help earn additional money. All in all, soccer is both an engaging kind of sports and a continuous source of income. Reference List Kuper, S. Szymanski, S. (2009). The worst business in the world: Why soccer clubs don’t (and shouldn’t) ma ke money. In S. Kuper . Szymanski (Eds.), Soccernomics (pp. 75-95). New York, NY: Nation Books. This essay on Soccer Business as a Possible Investment: When Everything Depends on the Movement of a Foot was written and submitted by user King Atkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Population and development in Nigeria

Population and development in Nigeria Free Online Research Papers POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT Population has its effects on development and mostly when its rate is increasing, underdevelopment occurs. High population growth especially in Nigeria Is a challenge for three major reasons. First, rapid population growth puts a lot of stress on ecosystems. Many different issues such as food security, land tenure, environmental degradation and water supply do have a demographic background. Civil strife is also often caused by population pressure on scarce resources. Secondly, rapid population growth impacts on the economy because governments need to provide human capital investments for their population education, health, etc. When population grows too fast such investments become logistically and financially very difficult to meet. In addition, rapid population growth may slow down the increase of income per capita. For example, if your economy expands at six percent per year but your population at three percent, your revenue per capita will expand at only three percent. The third issue is linked to the health of women and their children as well as the status of women in society. Pregnancies that are too early, too late and too many are not conducive to good health outcomes. The world’s most populous country is China with a population of 1,335,962,132 and takes a percentage of about of 19.84%. Other high populated countries are India, United States of America, Indonesia, Brazil, and Pakistan and so on Nigeria is the eight (8th) most populous countries in the world and takes about 2.2% of the world’s population Nigeria’s population of 134.4 million inhabitants makes up approximately 50% of West Africa’s population of about 270 million inhabitants. Nigeria is Africa’s most populous country, the largest economy and by far the largest contributor to ECOWAS budget and peacekeeping efforts. Any instability in Nigeria is bound to have sub-regional repercussions. NIGERIA, THE CURRENT AND ANTICIPATING LEVELS OF POPULATION. Nigeria witnessed rapid urbanization since the oil boom of the 1970s. There were improvements in transportation and mobility. The country registered the fastest rate of urbanization in the world, but it did not translate into a better life for its population. By 1986 Nigeria had an estimated urban growth rate of 6% (more than twice that of the rural population) with the percentage of people living in urban areas estimated to have grown from 16% to 20%. By 2010, more than 40% of the population was expected to live in the urban centers, whereas this fi gure was already 48% by 2006. Fast growing urbanization in sub-Saharan Africa, and especially West Africa, is like climate change. It has been endlessly debated with no forceful solution proposed. Despite the many ordeals that come with unplanned or unmanaged urbanization, hardly anybody has been able to reverse the process. Africa has now the highest rate of urban growth in the world – four point four per cent against a global average of two point five per cent. Although the continent still has relatively few inhabitants living in cities, more and more people are moving from rural to urban areas – increasing the risk of violence and environmental degradation. If the current trend continues, two third of all Africans would be living in cities by the year 2020. Urbanization has occurred in nearly every part of the world. People move into cities to seek economic opportunities. In rural areas, and even more in afflicted sub-Saharan regions, it is diffi cult to improve one’s standard of living be yond basic sustenance. Farm living is dependent on unpredictable environmental conditions, and in times of drought, flood or pestilence, survival becomes extremely problematic. Wealth, in contrast, is concentrated in cities, as are businesses, which generate jobs and revenues. Nigeria’s case is that of overpopulation. Overpopulation is a condition where an organisms numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat. In common parlance, the term usually refers to the relationship between the human population and its environment, the Earth. Overpopulation is not a function of the size or density of the population. Overpopulation is determined using the ratio of population to available sustainable resources. If a given environment has a population of ten, but there is food or drinking water enough for only nine, then in a closed system where no trade is possible, that environment is overpopulated; if the population is 100 individuals but there is enough food, shelter, and water for 200 for the indefinite future, then it is not. Overpopulation can result from an increase in births, a decline in mortality rates due to medical advances, from an increase in immigration, or from an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources. It is possible for very sparsely-populated areas to be overpopulated, as the area in question may have a meager or non-existent capability to sustain human life. Urbanization is the process whereby a group of people migrating together (especially in some given time period). Whether due to natural causes (high birth rates) or through migratory movements (rural-urban exodus), the increase of population makes competing user-demands on land and other scarce natural resources. It also puts pressure on the environment and leads to social tensions among different interest groups. This is an age-old problem, common to all parts of the world. However, in the socio-economic context of West Africa, this demographic pressure represents a radical crisis of development and sustainability. EFFECTS OF OVER POPULATION ON DEVELOPMENT ? Inadequate fresh water for drinking water use as well as sewage treatment and effluent discharge. Lagos state for example is the most populous state in Nigeria and has the persistent problem of inadequate water supply which has lead to the unhealthy living conditions. Unhygienic living conditions are therefore based upon water resource depletion, discharge of raw sewage and solid waste disposal. ? Increased levels of pollution; air, water, noise, soil contamination . Once a country has industrialized and become wealthy, a combination of government regulation and technological innovation causes pollution to decline substantially, even as the population continues to grow. ? Irreversible loss of arable land and increases in desertification. Deforestation and desertification can be reversed by adopting property rights, and this policy is successful even while the human population continues to grow. Parts of the north in Nigeria are currently suffering from encroachment of desert from the Saharan desert. ? High infant and child mortality. High rates of infant mortality are caused by poverty. Nigeria’s infant mortality rate is currently 100/1000 births. Comparing that figure with those of developed countries, it shows the growth of population has not created the chance for development of the health system. ? Increased chance of the emergence of new epidemics and pandemics. For many environmental and social reasons, including overcrowded living conditions, malnutrition and inadequate, inaccessible, or non-existent health care, the poor are more likely to be exposed to infectious diseases. ? Starvation, malnutrition or poor diet with ill health and diet-deficiency diseases (e.g. rickets). Famine is aggravated by poverty. Rich countries with high population densities do not have famine. About 70% of Nigerians live in rural areas and these regions are so underdeveloped that malnutrition has become a constant issue. With the pressure of population on the environment, there is a decline in both subsistence and export agriculture. Consequently, parts of the sub-region face constant difficulty in feeding their populations adequately, including the high urban populations increasingly dependent for food on rural agriculture. ? Poverty coupled with inflation in some regions and a resulting low level of capital formation. Poverty and inflation are aggravated by bad government and bad economic policies. Many countries with high population densities have eliminated absolute poverty and keep their inflation rates very low. ? Elevated crime rate due to drug cartels and increased theft by people stealing resources to survive. Regions with high rate of population are posed to threats of high crime rates. Lagos state for example in the past years has increased had increase in crime rate. Research Papers on Population and development in NigeriaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Effects of Illegal Immigration19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraResearch Process Part OneBringing Democracy to AfricaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andQuebec and CanadaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Learn How to Conjugate Sécher (to Dry) in French

Learn How to Conjugate Sà ©cher (to Dry) in French Meaning to dry, the French verb  sà ©cher  will be a good addition to your vocabulary. In order to say she dried or we will dry, however, you will need to study its conjugations. That is the focus of this introductory French lesson. The Basic Conjugations of  Sà ©cher Sà ©cher  is a  stem-changing verb  and that does throw a wrench into the conjugations. However, it is relatively easy to handle when you know what to look for. Pay close attention to the indicative mood forms of  sà ©cher  and youll notice that sometimes the accented  Ãƒ ©Ã‚  changes to  Ãƒ ¨. This happens most often in the present tense and the future gives you an option between the two. Other than that,  sà ©cher  follows the conjugation rules of  any  regular -er  verb. You can use the same endings you know for words like  tomber  (to fall) and apply them here. To study these, simply find the conjugation that corresponds to both the subject pronoun and the tense of your sentence. This results in  je sà ¨che  for I am drying and  nous sà ©chiez  for we dried. Present Future Imperfect je sche scheraischerai schais tu sches scherasscheras schais il sche scheraschera schait nous schons scheronsscherons schions vous schez scherezscherez schiez ils schent scherontscheront schaient The Present Participle of  Sà ©cher The  present participle  of  sà ©cher  does not get the stem change. Instead, you will simply add -ant  to the stem to form  sà ©chant. Sà ©cher  in the Compound Past Tense Passà © composà ©Ã‚  is the French compound past tense. This is where youll use the  past participle  sà ©chà ©Ã‚  along with the help of an auxiliary verb. To form it, begin by conjugating  avoir  into the present tense, then add the past participle. This gives us  jai sà ©chà ©Ã‚  for I dried and  nous avons sà ©chà ©Ã‚  for we dried. More Simple Conjugations of  Sà ©cher You will need to pay attention to the stem change in these forms of  sà ©cher  as well, particularly in  the subjunctive, which calls the act of drying into question.  The conditional  gives you the choice between the two forms because it implies that something will only be dried in the future if certain conditions are met. There is no stem change in either  the passà © simple  or  the imperfect subjunctive, both of which are literary tenses. Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je sche scheraisscherais schai schasse tu sches scheraisscherais schas schasses il sche scheraitscherait scha scht nous schions scherionsscherions schmes schassions vous schiez scheriezscheriez schtes schassiez ils schent scheraientscheraient schrent schassent For short sentences, you may use  sà ©cher  in  the imperative.  Beyond the stem change in the  tu  form, youll also need to remember that the subject pronoun is not required here. Imperative (tu)           sà ¨che​​ (nous)  Ã‚  sà ©chons​​ (vous)  Ã‚  sà ©chez

Research proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research proposal - Essay Example Since obesity will be dealt as more of a social issue, thus the social definition of the concept will be defined, however to get a more concrete definition indicators of obesity for instance, the Body Mass Index (BMI) will also be explored. Also, the life style issues which owe much to obesity for instance the intake of junk food, less exercise etc will be discussed and the side effects of obesity in context to the social life as well as health hazard relevant to these social aspects will be discussed in detailed. Also, the entire discussion will be based on the context of the American Society in general to identify how the society contributes in enhancing the issue. My paper intends on pointing out the societal indicators after thorough study to explore how the society we live in contributes in inducing obesity in individuals which is why the issue is increasing day by day, thus people need to be aware of these factors to eliminate the effects and causes. The information revealed in this people will be of value to the general public and the mass audience as the endemic can affect any of the individuals as they are part of the society. Areas to be Investigated Some of the perspectives which will be explored in this paper include; 1. What comprises the concept of obesity? 2. ... 8. How can one deal with obesity to minimize its side effects? 9. What are some of the lifestyle changes that can lead towards a healthy lifestyle? 10. How can the cause and effect relationship between variables related to obesity be seen in the context of the society? Thus, my study will deal with the cause and effects of obesity in the context of the life styles of the individuals being examined and the societal factors contributing in the increase of the endemic. Methods of Research My study will be based on the archival sources present on obesity. For this reason, both online papers, journals, reports etc will be studied, and alongside, other documents like newspapers, books, hardcopies of thesis and journals etc will be analyzed to come up with unbiased and a generic conclusion regarding the study. For this reason, the nearby library sources will be utilized, and the online sources which can be accessed for this purpose. While I searched online for the various sources on obesity to continue my study, millions of results showed up, however, my research questions helped me narrow down my focus, based on which I have specified about 11 sources which will thoroughly be analyzed for this purpose. Moreover, the gaps of knowledge left by the archival research will be addressed by conducting first hand surveys from a sample which will be designed to find relevant data to make the study more credible and informative. References Heinberg, Leslie J, and J K. Thompson.  Obesity in Youth: Causes, Consequences, and Cures. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2009. Print. Nakaya, Andrea C.  Obesity: Opposing Viewpoints. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006. Print. Wolin, Kathleen Y, and Jennifer M. Petrelli.  Obesity. Santa Barbara, Calif:

Children Education Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Children Education Psychology - Essay Example Different psychological principles that support the above concept will also be illustrated. This is meant to confirm that psychological principles can improve the quality of early childhood education. Other tactics that can boost the impact of application of psychological knowledge to deal with difficult children will also be recommended in the paper. They include staying in contact with the children’s parents, and applying proximity to control negative behaviours among others. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Table of Contents 3 Psychology and Education 4 Development 5 Child Development Theories 6 Adaptability and Sociability 12 This can be ensured through incorporation of learning methods that allows flexibility among learners. For instance, the teacher should apply methods that exemplify concepts in the easiest way possible. 12 Motivation 12 Recommendations 14 How can an understanding of psychology assist teachers in their everyday management of difficult children in the classr oom? Discuss specific psychological theories and research in your answer. Childhood Education Psychology Childhood education normally focuses on children education through play during preschool age to the actual learning in schools (Ailwood, 2003:291). ... The achievement of this quality is dependent on the understanding of how children learn and develop by education practitioners. Learning encompasses dealing with both responsive and unresponsive children. It is the responsibility of the teacher to study and classify these children depending on their behavioural tendencies and formulate ways of teaching them fairly without discrimination. This approach requires dealing with difficult children to amend their behaviour. Psychological knowledge is thus eminent in dealing with difficult children. Psychology and Education Children construct knowledge through learning and utilize it to adopt new skills. They learn efficiently when the basic necessities are provided and the environment is safe. Most of the early childhood learners acquire knowledge through their own activities and develop while acquiring more information from social interactions with adults and other children. Their speed is dependent on their interest towards an object or t heir urge to know. Application of psychology on childhood education is centred on cognition and affect aspects. Cognition is related to skills and processes such as thinking while affect describes emotional attributes of children such as attitudes and feelings. All these factors come into play when dealing with difficult children. Therefore, it is eminent for teachers to understand, identify and solve these aspects when catering for the welfare of difficult children. Although some behavioural traits children exhibits are genetic, failure to provide them with adequate environment for learning makes then difficult. Children should be provided with secure attachment and emotional comfort, feeling of

Capitalism vs Communism :: Communism Essays

Poverty is everywhere and no matter how hard our government tries to eliminate it, it simply cannot. To do so it must first reformat itself so that it may do its job in a more efficient manor, thus helping all aspects of life. Converting our current system into a capitalistic government would in fact help alleviate the current situation. Contrary to widely held beliefs, capitalism is not a system which exploits a large portion of society for the sake of a small minority. Capitalism is an economic system characterized by the freedom of the market with increasing concentration of the private and corporate ownership of production and distribution means. It has an stable economic system in that it is consistent with human behavior. People understand that there is no such this as free lunch. You have to work to survive and only those who do will prosper within the system and make it to the top. People are motivated to work as hard as they possibly can because they know that the harder they work the more benefits they will be ale to reap. As written in On Liberty â€Å"These are not questions of liberty†¦.but they are questions of development† (Mill) Marxism on the other hand promotes laziness and sloth. When people no longer have to work for their food they slack off. In a Utopian Marxist society, everyone is paid the same, no matter their job, no matter their skills, no matter their effort. As written in The West in Global Context â€Å"In the place of the numberless indefeasible chartered freedoms has set up that single unconscionable freedom – Free Trade† (Marx) Isn’t the entire point of government to give up some freedoms in exchange for others? The removal of rewards adds idleness and inability to focus because the people have no motivation to work their hardest. They know that every night when they get home they will have the same amount of foot to eat whether they work their hardest or barely at all. The essential nature of capitalism is social harmony through the pursuit of self interest. Under capitalism, the individuals pursuit of his own economic self interest simultaneously benefits the economic self interest of all others. In allowing each individual to act unhampered by government regulations, capitalism causes inventions, prosperity and ideas to be created in the most efficient manner possible which ultimately raises the standard of living, increasing opportunities and makes available an ever growing supply of products for everyone.

Problem †Based Learning in Teaching and Learning High School Geometry: Its Effects on Students’ Attitude and Performance

CHAPTER 1 The Problem and Its Setting INTRODUCTION Rationale New mathematics are discovered and invented everyday and there is a great manifestation of growing recognition of the need among the mathematics educators to increase the emphasis placed on problem solving for all students. (Paja 2001). Mathematics evolved over the past few thousand years in many stages. In high school mathematics in Philippine settings involve elementary algebra, intermediate algebra, geometry and advanced algebra.All of these were center in answering questions about real life. Ordinary people of all ages are endeavor of mathematics in which they constructs concepts, discover relationships, invent methods, execute algorithms, communicate and solve problems posed by their own real worlds. (Cangelosis, as quoted by Paja 2001). Often times, mathematics is a difficult subject for students who has difficulty in memorizing formulas and using logical thinking.Students learn hardly anything of what they are taught but if they learn through hands on and minds on approach (Paja, 2001) and if it will incorporate into everyday activities and in subjects like languages arts, science, social studies, visual arts, music, physical education, life skills and performing arts. Posadas, as quoted by Paja 2001 said that they will learn more meaningfully and with longer retention. Students in today’s generation are practical work learners, investigational learners and sociable learner.In relevant to that mathematics educators should explore another strategy of teaching that caters the needs of the students that we have today. According to Paja 2001 in his study on Practical Work Strategy in Teaching and Learning Plane Geometry: Its Effects on Students’ Achievement says that utilizing practical work strategy in teaching and learning plane geometry with the aid of manipulative materials has more reaching effect on students’ achievement in mathematical content and process skills than the traditional.Problem – based learning is a student centered instructional strategy in which student collaboratively solves problems and reflects on their experiences. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Problem-based_learing). Dewey proposed that education should be built on the child’s interests and experiences (Ernest, 1991). Education becomes meaningful and real to students when it is connected to them personally, as opposed to using materials that may be abstract and unrelated to a child’s lived reality. (Douglas, 1994).In today’s world of education, lots of researches that conducted promoting and encouraging active learning in mathematics. But still we are searching for other methods in teaching mathematics. In a particular University of Cebu – Main High School Department focuses merely on the tasks of improving students’ competence on conceptual knowledge. In teaching mathematics is usually it is a teacher – centered because less at tempts for students to be involve in every class interaction, performing mathematical processes through investigation and discovery thus enhancing mathematics procedural skills.This study aims to determine the effectiveness of problem – based learning on students’ attitude and performance in high school geometry in which we seek other strategy that caters the kind of learners that we have. It provide teachers with suggested teaching strategies that would greatly influence student’s motivation and enthusiasm as they develop deep understanding of the challenging topics in mathematics. This study also offers a strategy that designed for individual learning and it encouraged to take responsibility of their group and organize and direct learning process with support from an instructor.Problem – based learning is used to enhance content knowledge and foster the development of communication, problem – solving and self direction learning skills. THEORETICA L BACKGROUND Problem – based learning (PBL) is an approach to structuring the curriculum which involves confronting students with problems from practice which provide a stimulus for learning. (Buod and Feletti, 1991). They used to enhance content knowledge and foster the development of communication, problem – solving and self directed learning skills.In PBL classes, students also summarize and present their solutions in a culminating experience. The principle role of the teacher in PBL is that of a facilitator or educational coach guiding the learners in the PBL process. Educator is not the sole resource of information, but instead guides students as they search out appropriate resources. Problem – Based Learning (PBL) is a student – centered instructional strategy in which students collaboratively solve problems and reflect on their experiences, rather than learn primarily through lectures or textbooks.Problem – based learning require the develop ment of a number of component competences, such as the skills of communication, critical reasoning, logical and analytical approach to problems, reasoned decision making and self – evaluation. (Buod and Feletti, 1991). Engel sees problem – based learning as a means of developing learning for capability rather than learning for the sake of acquiring knowledge. The effectiveness of the PBL depends on the nature of student engagement and the culture of the classroom, as well as the appropriateness of the problem tasks assigned.Proponents of PBL believe that when students develop their own problem – solving procedures, they are integrating their conceptual knowledge with their procedural skills. (Gilo, 2008). In 1960’s at McMaster Medical School, the PBL approach was started wherein the approach developed by the faculty out of the perceived need to produce graduates who were prepared to deal with the information explosion and who could think critically and so lve complex problems. This institution developed its entire curriculum around PBL. (Buod and Feletti, 1991).However medicine has also been among the pioneers in the application of problem based learning as a means towards rectifying the existing situation in undergraduate medical education (Spaulding as quoted by Buod and Feletti, 1991) and post graduate medical education (Jack and Engel as quoted by Buod and Feletti, 1991). Soon after medicine schools adopted PBL as their center of instruction not later other fields will be using problem – based learning in teaching. The movement has extended into the K-12 arena as well. Camp, 1996). Educators and administrators of the institution wanted students who could think critically, solve problems and work in teams. And many undergraduate institutions began to develop PBL programs and curricula. Aalaborg has one of the most comprehensive undergraduate PBL curriculum, and Maastricnt also has a develop PBL program of study. More recent ly, in the U. S. , the University of Delaware has turned attention toward Problem – based learning, as has Samford University in Birminghan, Alabama.In addition to these more comprehensive efforts, individual faculty members at more than 300 institutions are using PBL at the undergraduate level (PBL insight, p. 7 as quoted by Gilo, 2008). Through the researches conducted in medical school, we can formulate expectations about the outcomes of problem – based learning. Medical researchers show that problem – based learning provides students with the opportunity to gain theory and content knowledge and comprehension.According to Schmidt cognitive effects of problem – based learning are the following: (a) initial analysis of the problem and activation of prior knowledge through small-group discussion, (b) elaboration on prior knowledge and active processing of new information, (c) restructuring of knowledge, construction of a semantic network, (d) social knowl edge construction, (e) learning in context, and (f) stimulation of curiosity related to presentation of a relevant problem. Constructivism and Problem – Based LearningConstructivism is a philosophical view on how we come to understand or know. It is, in our mind, most closely attuned to the pragmatic philosophy of Richard Rorty (1991) as quoted Duffy and Savery, 2001. We will characterize the philosophical view in terms of three primary propositions by Rorty (1991) as well as vonGlaserfeld (1989). Firstly, understanding is in our interactions with the environment. This is the core concept of constructivism. We cannot talk about what is learned separately from how it is learned, as if a variety of experiences all lead to the same understanding.Learning takes place only through self – activity. (Froebel 1976). Dewey proposed that education should built on the child’s interests and experiences. (Ernest as quoted by Douglas, 1994). Since understanding is an individu al construction, we cannot share understandings but rather we can test the degree to which our individual understandings are compatible. An implication of this proposition is that cognition is not just within the individual but rather it is a part of the entire context. (Savery and Duffy, 2001).Secondly, cognitive conflict or puzzlement is the stimulus for learning and determines the organization and nature of what is learned. When we are in a learning environment, there is some stimulus or goal for learning — the learner has a purpose for being there. That goal is not only the stimulus for learning, but it is a primary factor in determining what the learner attends to, what prior experience the learner brings to bear in constructing an understanding, and, basically, what understanding is eventually constructed.In Dewey's terms it is the â€Å"problematic† that leads to and is the organizer for learning (Dewey, 1938: Savery and Duffy,2001). For Piaget it is the need fo r accommodation when current experience cannot be assimilated in existing schema (Piaget, 1977; Savery and Duffy, 2001). Lastly, knowledge evolves through social negotiation and through the evaluation of the viability of individual understandings. The social environment is critical to the development of our individual understanding as well as to the development of the body of propositions we call knowledge.At the individual level, other individuals are a primary mechanism for testing our understanding. Collaborative groups are important because we can test our own understanding and examine the understanding of others as a mechanism for enriching, interweaving, and expanding our understanding of particular issues or phenomena. As vonGlaserfeld (1989) has noted, other people are the greatest source of alternative views to challenge our current views and hence to serve as the source of puzzlement that stimulates new learning.In PBL, students learn content, strategies and self – directed learning skills through collaboratively solving problems, reflecting on their experiences, and engaging in self – directed inquiry. It established principles of learning which have been explained through observation and research over the past century, principles such as motivation, relevance, practice, active learning and contextual learning operate significantly in a PBL environment, and to a much lesser extent in conventional curricula.Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the Theoretical – Conceptual Framework of the Study THE PROBLEM Statement of the Problem The main purpose of this study was to determine the effects of problem – based learning on students’ attitude and performance in high school geometry to the third year students of University of Cebu – Main, Cebu City of the school year 2010 – 2011. Specifically, the study sought to determine the following: 1. The profile of the students’ performance in the control group and the experimental group during the pre – test in terms of their high school geometry performance. . The profile of the students’ performance in the control group and the experimental group during the post – test in terms of their high school geometry performance. 3. The significant mean gain between the pre – test and post – test high school geometry performance profile of the students in the control group and the students in the experimental group. 4. The significant mean gain difference between the control and the experimental group’s performance in their high school geometry performance. . The significant change of the attitude towards mathematics before and after the exposure to the traditional teaching among the third year high school students of University of Cebu in the control group. 6. The significant change of the attitude towards mathematics before and after the exposure to the problem – based learning among the third year h igh school students of University of Cebu in the experimental group. Statement of HypothesesHo1: There is no significant difference between the hypothetical mean and the actual mean of the control group and the experimental group during the pre – test in terms of their high school geometry performance. Ho2: There is no significant difference between the hypothetical mean and the actual mean of the control group and the experimental group during the post – test in terms of their high school geometry performance. Ho3: There is no significant mean gain between the pre – test and post – test high school geometry performance profile of the students in the control group and the students in the experimental group.Ho4: There is no significant mean gain difference between the control and the experimental group’s performance in their high school geometry performance. Ho5: There is no significant change of the attitude towards mathematics before and after the exposure to the traditional teaching among the third year high school students of University of Cebu in the control group. Ho6: The significant change of the attitude towards mathematics before and after the exposure to the problem – based learning among the third year high school students of University of Cebu in the experimental group.Significance of the Study The effects of problem – based learning on students’ attitude and performance in high school geometry to improve classroom instruction and the quality of education rendered to continuing growing population. This study will benefit the following individual in learning and teaching mathematics in different approach. Students. The students were the primary reason of this study. They would be directly affected with the benefits of the study since they were the focus of it.Students would be relieved of the conventional classroom structure which they perceive as boring and unmotivating. They are given highly appropriate learning experiences to build positive attitude and productive individual. Teachers. The findings of this study would be of great help to the teachers not only in mathematics but also in some related areas of concern. Teachers at all levels would be able to select appropriate teaching techniques that complement problem – based learning. School Administrators.School administrators would likewise be benefited by the outcomes of the study and would capture an insight and opportunity to include in the present scope of the mathematics program and help improve the curricular content to adopt students’ level of learning with the same weight, being in the position, they have the chance to persuade the teachers to adopt problem – based learning as part of students’ learning experiences. Curriculum Writers. The result of this study would also enable the curriculum writers to redesign or restructure curriculum materials which could better facilitate math ematics learning through problem – based earning. Scope and Delimitation Content Delimitation The area of the study was the level of performance in high school geometry and the attitudes towards problem – based learning of the third year high school students of University of Cebu High School Department – Main Campus in the school year 2010 – 2011. Place Delimitation This study was limited to University of Cebu High School Department – Main Campus located in corner Sanciangko and Juan Luna Streets, Cebu City. Time Delimitation The study conducted in the school year 2010 – 2011.Subject and Area Delimitation The subjects of the study were the selected third year high students of University of Cebu High School Department – Main Campus in the school year 2010 – 2011. Chapter 2 Related Literature and Studies Observed that teachers are now being encouraged to move away from a tradition of teaching methods that are mechanistic in natur e and inappropriate to the ways students learn into a constructivist approach where active learning is emphasized. (Alindada, 199 as quoted in Paja, 2001).A teaching working from a multiculture, social – reconstructivist approach attempts to create a learning environment that is as democratic and open as the power asymmetries of the classroom allow, but with explicit recognition of this asymmetry. (Ernest 1991 as quoted by Douglas, 1994). Mathematics is our general education component that entails enriching a personal knowledge of the students that includes the opportunity to develop the power to explore, make conjecture and reason logically. This component helps students to become broadly educated, creative, cultured, morally pright and productive citizens. (Paja, 2001). Mathematics as an interdisciplinary language and tool. Mathematics can be used to help represent, communicate about, and solve problems in many different disciplines. Many jobs and other aspects of responsib le adult life in our society require some mathematical knowledge and skills. Problem – Based Learning , which encourages students to work in groups to carry out research and think independently to solve problems, is growing into an international movement. Moncure, 2005). According to Stephien and Rosenthal (1992) that PBL instruction is designed to provide students with a guided experiences in solving an ill – structured problem. It orienting students toward meaning – making over fact – collecting. They learn via contextualized problem sets and situation. (Rhem, 1998). Ulmer says, this approach gives students immediate feedback. â€Å"It keeps a constant flow going between teacher and student, and you cant’t put a price tag on that. According to the study of Gilo (2008), that PBL can produce socially responsible citizens. This gives the youth a sense of awareness and participation in the community. They love the challenge being the problem solvers and it gives a sense of accomplishment for having been part of the society they belong. PBL is a motivating way to learn as learners are involved in active learning, working with real problems and what they have to learn in their study is seen as important and relevant to their own lives. (http://www. bli. org/pbl/pbl. htm). According to Spence that problem based learning gives you opportunities to examine and try out what you already know; discover what you need to learn; develop your people skills for achieving higher performance in teams; improve your writing and speaking abilities, to state and defend with sound arguments and evidence your own ideas; and to become more flexible in your approach to problems that surprise and dismay others. Despite the work and effort it requires, PBL is never dull and is often fun.Problem – Based Learning proponents emphasize that it improves thinking and learning skills and cognitive abilities in students. It has been reported that PBL à ¢â‚¬â€œ trained students are more frequent users of libraries and other information resources, which support independent learning. They acquire life long study skills, especially in their early years of study, giving rise to sustained learning. PBL educated students have a more holistic approach to their subject, more readily integrate new information, adapt to change and work well as member of a team.Generally PBL appears to increase students interest and enjoyment to the subject and enhance their professional development. (Gilo, 2008). Chapter 3 Research Methodology Methodology This study utilized the quasi – experimental method with a content group and an experimental group using the pre – post tests. The quasi – experimental method was used since the subjects in each group were matched in terms of some selected variables such as classroom setting, classroom environment, instruction and academic performance. The study conducted on the second quarter grade.The two groups were given the pre – test on solid figures and its measurements to determine the mathematical achievement of each student. Intervention took place after conducting the pre – test which lasted for two weeks. The traditional way of teaching was given to the control group and the problem – based learning for the experimental group. After four weeks of experimentation a post – test was administered to determine the changes in their performance in high school geometry specifically in solid figures and its measurements.Research Environment This research was conducted in University of Cebu – High School Department Main Campus is located at the corner of Sanciangko and Juan Luna Streets, Cebu City. It is private non – sectarian institution of higher learning. It provides the learners with the essential knowledge, skills and attitudes that allow them to improve their quality of life and increase their opportunities to participate in and b enefit from social and economic development.It aspires to provide the learners with academic, scientific, technical and vocational, knowledge, skills and attitudes essential in meeting the demands of time, enhance the individuals emotional, social – cultural and spiritual needs; deeper the learners’ awareness and willingness to be pro – active in community projects and activities including environment protection and preservation, produce graduates who are highly qualified for the world of work. And as testament of its desire to provide est education for the masses, it is now the fastest growing university, if not the most dynamic among all the universities in the city of Cebu in terms of the number of students coming from public and private schools in urban or rural areas. Research Respondents The subjects of the study were the 82 selected third year high school students of University of Cebu – Main who are enrolled in the school year 2010 – 2011. Table 1 The Population of the Study Year and Section |Total Population |Research Population | | | |Sample (n) |Percent (%) | |III – Sapphire |41 |41 |100 | |(Control Group) | | | | |III – Jade |41 |41 |100 | |(Experimental Group) | | | | As indicated in the Table 1, the sections of third year classes were the groups under treatment of the study. The III – Sapphire class with 41 students composed the control group while III – Jade class with 41 students constituted the experimental group.Research Instruments The instruments in this study were the Mathematics Performance Test and an adopted Mathematics Attitude Scale. The achievement test was a teacher – made test about the high school geometry particularly solid figures and its measurement. To measure students’ attitude in mathematics, Mathematics Attitude Scale was used. This mathematics attitude scale was adopted from the study of Ruyca, 1994. It consisted of 20 positive and negative state ments. This attitude questionnaire is a 5 – point Likert scale to which the subjects indicate SA for strongly agree, A for agree, U for undecided, D for disagree and SD for strongly disagree.For reliability of the said test, split – half method was used. A coefficient of correlation of 0. 74 described that the test was highly reliable. Research Procedures The procedures of the study were done through data gathering and treatment of data. Data Gathering The researcher secured a written permit with the approval of the high school principal of University of Cebu –Main Campus. After the written permits signed and approved by the authorities, the researcher administered a 40 – item teacher – made test to the 40 third year high school students of University of Cebu – Main who are not respondents of the study to establish the validity of the test.When the test was found to be reliable and valid, a pre – test was administered to the actual re spondents, the third years Sapphire (control group and Jade (experimental group), a week before the experimentation started. The permit is found in appendix A. The III – Sapphire and III – Jade are the target subjects of the study. The III – Sapphire as the control group, which was exposed to traditional method; III – Jade served as the experimental group, which exposed to problem – based learning. In traditional way of teaching, lessons were presented by way of lecture, discussion and demonstration. Follow – up exercises were given in a form of seatwork and boardwork every after session. In this approach, teachers play an important role in learning process.All the discussions and presentations were delivered by the teacher. The pacing of the lesson depended on the teacher’s evaluation of the students’ performance in their previous activity. Each lesson was taught for not more than two meetings. After a month of experimentation , a post – test was given to evaluate whether the students in the control group gained knowledge in solving the areas, surface area and volume of a plane and solid figures. On the other hand, the 41 III – Jade students were exposed to problem – based learning. In the PBL, the learner will be given a problem and they were attempting to answer it of the information of what they already know.They will identify what they need to learn to better understand the problem an how to resolve it. Once they have worked with the problem and identified what they need to learn, the learners engage in self-directed study to research the information needed by finding and using a variety of information resources (books, journals, reports, online information, and a variety of people with appropriate areas of expertise). The learners then return to the problem and apply what they learned to their work with the problem in order to more fully understand and resolve the problem. After they have finished their problem work the learners assess themselves and each other to develop skills in self-assessment and the constructive assessment of peers.Self-assessment is a skill essential to effective independent learning. The faculty in turn become resources, tutors, and evaluators, guiding the students in their problem solving efforts. To measure the attitude of each student towards mathematics who had some through problem – based learning and traditional method, a Mathematics Attitude Scale the level of interest, feeling, perception and trend of attitude of the student towards high school geometry in both control and experimental groups were gathered. Each student was expected to answer the questions for their Mathematical Attitude Scale. Treatment of Data The data that will be gathered will be treated quantitatively.The following statistical treatments will be utilized for appropriate interpretation: 1. To determine the profile of the students’ performan ce in the control group and the experimental group during the pre – test and post – test in terms of their high school geometry performance, the z – test will be used with the formula: [pic] where: z = z – test value AM = actual mean HM = hypothetical mean SD = standard deviation N = number of cases/students 2. To determine significant mean gain between the pre – test and post – test high school geometry performance profile of the students in the control group and the students in the experimental group, the t – test will be used with the formula: [pic] here: t = t – test value [pic] = mean of the control group [pic] = mean of the experimental group SD1 = standard deviation of the control group SD2 = standard deviation of the experimental group N1 = number of cases of the control group N2 = number of cases of the experimental group 3. To determine the significant mean gain difference between the control and the experimental grou p’s performance in their high school geometry performance, the t – test will be used with the formula: [pic] where: t = t – test for the pre – post mean gain [pic] = mean of the difference SD = standard deviation of the difference N = number of cases 4.To determine the significant change of the attitude towards mathematics before and after the exposure to the problem – based learning among the third year high school students of University of Cebu in the experimental group, the weighted mean will be used with the formula: [pic] where:[pic] = weighted mean f = frequency n = number of cases Level of Significance A 0. 05 level of significance with a two – tailed test of statiscal significance for rejecting or accepting the hypothesis was applied in this study. Definition of Terms This study contains terms and ideas which may vary from its definition. To facilitate a better understanding of the study, some terminologies will be defined based on h ow they are used operationally.Mathematics Attitude refers to the significant contributors of detractors of effective performance. It is the behaviour shown by the students towards performing mathematics. Traditional Method refers to the ways of teaching mathematics used by teachers who depend on the teachers’ manual or textbook. It eliminates students’ experiences that are expected to motivate and sustain interest of the children. Plane Geometry refers to a branch of mathematics dealing with the properties and relations of lines, angles, surface and solids. Problem – Based Learning refers to a student instructional strategy in which students collaboratively solve problems and reflect on their experiences.Student Performance refers to the academic achievement of the student specifically mathematics. Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation The presentation, analysis and interpretation of data will be presented after the experimentation of the class wi ll be done and if the data is being gathered. Chapter 5 Summary, Conclusion and Interpretation The summary, conclusion and recommendation of the study will be given after the data is being presented, analyzed and interpreted. Appendix A University of Cebu – Main High School Department Sanciangko Street, Cebu City June 15, 2010 DR. AGAPITO P. PINO JR. High School Principal University of Cebu – Main Sanciangko Street, Cebu City Sir: Greetings.The undersigned has come up with a thesis concept entitled â€Å"PROBLEM – BASED LEARNING IN TEACHING AND LEARNING HIGH SCHOOL GEOMETRY: ITS EFFECTS ON STUDENTS’ ATTITUDE AND PERFORMANCE† In this connection, she would like to request permission to conduct an experimental study with the third year students (III – Sapphire, Control Group and III – Jade, Experimental Group), who are enrolled in school year 2010 – 2011. Your favourable consideration and approval will be highly appreciated. Very truly yours, (Sgd. ) Judy G. Gutang Recommending Approval MARCELO T. LOPEZ (Sgd. ) President, SUC III Cebu Normal University Appendix B Mathematics Attitude Scales (Adopted from Maxima Ruyca) Name: _______________________ Year: ____ Sex: ___ Age: ____ Date: _____Directions: Each of the statement of this opinionnaire expresses a feeling, which a particular person has towards mathematics. Your answer is correct if it expresses your own opinion. This is not a test and you are not to be graded. Do not omit any item. You are to express, on a five – point scale, the extent agreement between the feeling in each statement and your own personal feeling. You are to check the better which indicators how closely you agree or disagree with the statement. The five – point scale are: SA – Strongly Agree; A – Agree; U – Undecided; D – Disagree; SD – Strongly Disagree. | |SA |A |U |D |SD | |1.I am always under a terrible strain in Mathematics | | | | | | |class. | | | | | | |2. I do not like Mathematics and it scares me to have to | | | | | | |take it. | | | | | | |3. Mathematics is very interesting to me and I enjoy | | | | | | |Mathematics course. | | | | | | |4. Mathematics is fascinating and fun. | | | | | | |5.Mathematics makes me feel scared and at same | | | | | | |time it is stimulating. | | | | | | |6. My mind goes blank and I am unable to think clearly | | | | | | |when working with Mathematics. | | | | | | |7. I feel a sense of insecurity when working with | | | | | | |Mathematics. | | | | | | |8. Mathematics makes me feel uncomfortable, restless, | | | | | | |irritable and impatient. | | | | | | | |A |U |D |SD | | | | | | | | | |SA | | | | | |9. The feeling that I have towards Mathematics is a | | | | | | |good feeling. | | | | | | |10. Mathematics makes me feel as if I am lost in a | | | | | | |jungle of numbers and I can’t find my way out. | | | | | |11. Mathematics is stimulating I enjoy a great deal. | | | | | | |12. When I hear the word Mathematics I have a feeling | | | | | | |of dislike. | | | | | | |13. I approach Mathematics with a feeling of hesitation, | | | | | | |resulting from a fear of not being able to do it. | | | | | | |14. I really like mathematics. | | | | | | |15.Mathematics is a course in school, which I have | | | | | | |always enjoyed studying. | | | | | | |16. It makes me nervous to even think about having to | | | | | | |do Mathematics problem. | | | | | | |17. I have never liked Mathematics. | | | | | | |18. I am happier in a Mathematics classes than any | | | | | | |other class. | | | | | | |19.I feel at ease in Mathematics and I like it very much. | | | | | | |20. I feel a definite positive reaction toward | | | | | | |Mathematics and it is enjoyed. | | | | | | UNIVERSITY OF CEBU HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS Examination : Performance TestSubject / Year Level : Mathematics III Number of Items : 40Teacher : Miss Judy G. Gutang |SPECIFIC O BJECTIVES |CONTENTS |TIME FRAME |% ALLOCATION |NO.OF ITEMS |LEARNING DOMAIN |ITEM PLACEMENT |TYPE OF TEST | | Apply formulas in solving problems | | | | |Applying |I. 1 – 10 |Multiple Choice | |involving areas |AREAS |4 hours |25% |11 |Solving | | | |Solve problems on surface areas of | | | | |Applying |I. 11 – 25 |Multiple Choice | |solid figures |SURFACE AREAS |6 hours |37. % |15 |Solving | |Problem Solving | |Solve problems on volumes of solid | | | | |Applying |I. 26 – 40 |Multiple Choice | |figures |VOLUMES |6 hours |37. 5% |14 |Solving | |Problem Solving | |TOTALS | |16 hours |100% |40 | | | |University of Cebu High School Department PERFORMANCE TEST Name: __________________________ Year and Section: __________ Score: ____ I. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Read each item carefully. Encircle the letter of the correct answer. Use [pic]. 1. Find the area of a circular rug with 8. 5 cm radius. a. 182. 98 cm2b. 196. 68 cm2c. 226. 98 cm2 d. 53. 41 cm2 2. Find the area of a tr apezoid whose altitude is 6 cm and whose bases are 4 cm and 2 cm, respectively. a. 18 cm2b. 12 cm2c. 10 cm2d. 8 cm2 3. A triangle has an area of 65 ft2 and a base of 6 ft. What height corresponds to this base? a. 12 2/3 ftb. 13 2/5 ftc. 18 1/3 ftd. 1 2/3 ft 4. Find the height of a parallelogram whose area is 74 mm2 and a base length of 27 mm. a. 2. 70 mmb. 2. 74 mmc. 2. 47 mmd. 2. 41 mm 5. What is the area of the base in the figure at the right? a. 12 cm2b. 14 cm2 c. 21 cm2 d. 84 cm2 6. A square garden has a perimeter of 43m. What is its area? a. 151. 53 m2b. 151. 56 m2c. 151. 26 m2d. 115. 56 m2 7. The area of the rectangle is 162 in2. How wide is the figure if its 9 in long? a. 12 in b. 16 in c. 18 in d. 20 in 8. What is the area of a 3. 2 ft square board? a. 10. 24 ft2b. 14. 20 ft2c. 41. 20 ft2d. 40. 21 ft2 9. Calculate the area of the shaded region in the figure. a. 8. 34 in2b. 9. 3 in2c. 10. 25 in2d. 11. 43 in2 10. A man is buying a lot for P5,000 per square meter. If the lot is 20 m long and 15 m wide, how much will he pay for it? a. P9. 2Mb. P8. 1Mc. P3. 5Md. P1. 5M 11. How many 4 – inch square tiles are needed to cover a floor whose length is 12 feet and whose width is 8 feet? a. 486 tilesb. 648 tilesc. 684 tilesd. 864 tiles 12. The lateral area of a pyramid is 228 ft2. Find the area of the base if it has a surface area of 372 ft2. a. 84 ft2b. 98 ft2c. 112 ft2d. 144 ft2 13. A volley ball has a diameter of 12 cm. What is its surface area? a. 425. 31 cm2b. 452. 34 cm2c. 452. 39 cm2d. 452. 49 cm2 14.The side of a cube measures 6. 1 cm. How much foil is needed to completely cover its surface? a. 223. 36 cm2b. 226. 98 cm2c. 148. 84 cm2d. 37. 21 cm2 15. The sum of the areas of the bases of a cylinder is [pic] ft2. Find its radius. a. 6ftb. 8 ftc. 10 ftd. 12 ft 16. The side of a cube has length 9 cm. Find its surface area. a. 336 cm2b. 486 cm2c. 508 cm2d. 660 cm2 17. How much plastic is needed to manufacture five plastic balls of radius 2 cm? a. 521. 38 cm2b. 512. 33 cm2c. 215. 38 cm2d. 251. 33 cm2 18. Find the amount of cardboard needed to make a birthday hat with radius 4 in and a slant height of 10 in. a. 125. 7 in2b. 162. 7 in2c. 216. 5 in2d. 261. in2 19. A right cylinder has a lateral area of 2,480 cm2. The height is 16 cm. Find the radius of the cylinder. a. 7. 03 cmb. 8. 07 cmc. 9. 23 cmd. 10. 37 cm 20. The circumference of a basketball is 40. 8408 cm. What is its surface area? a. 453. 93 cm2b. 530. 93 cm2c. 533. 35 cm2d. 563. 53 cm2 21. How much paper is needed for the label of Youngstown sardines having a radius of 2 in and a height of 4. 2 in? a. 52. 78 in2 b. 95. 56 in2c. 99. 25 in2d. 112. 12 in2 22. Which of the statements is TRUE? a. No two spheres have the same volume and surface area. b. The lateral faces of a rectangular prism have two pairs of equal areas. c.The surface area of a sphere is equal to the area of the Great Circle. d. The area of the base of a cone is lwh. 23. What is the radius of a cone whose area o f its base is 22. 46 in2? a. 7. 62 inb. 6. 72 inc. 2. 67 ind. 1. 76 i 24. Two identical cubes, whose volume is 125 cm3, are placed side by side to forma rectangular prism. Find the surface area of the new solid. a. 150 cm2b. 250 cm2c. 350 cm2d. 450 cm2 25. The sum of the area of the bases of a rectangular prism is 120 ft2. How long is the solid if its width is 5 ft? a. 3 ftb. 4 ftc. 5 ft d. 6 ft 26. The surface area of a triangular pyramid, having four congruent faces, is [pic] mm2. How long is the base if its height is [pic]mm. a. ftb. 6 ftc. 8 ftd. 10 ft 27. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. The ratio of volume of the cone to the volume of the cylinder is 3:1. b. The volume and surface area of a sphere can be equal. c. The volume of an irregular object can be determined by water displacement. d. No two cubes have equal volume. 28. How would the volume of the square pyramid be affected if the height is doubled? a. the sameb. doubledc. tripledd. quadrupled 29. Find the volume of a cube 3 meters high. a. 9m3b. 18 m3c. 27m3d. 54 m3 30. A spherical lollipop has a radius of 1. 5 cm. What is its volume? a. 14. 16 cm3b. 17. 07 cm3c. 28. 26 cm3d. 10. 60 cm3 31.Find the amount of space contained in a book 12 in by 1. 5 in by 6. 1 in. a. 89. 01 in3b. 180. 9 in3c. 109. 80 in3d. 801. 9 in3 32. How much sand is contained in a can whose height is 5 inches and radius is 1. 5 in? a. 53. 32 in3b. 35. 34 in3c. 33. 53 in3d. 52. 33 in3 33. The volume of a pyramid is 20 m3. If its height is 12 cm, find the area of the base. a. 5 cm2b. 10 cm2c. 15 cm2d. 20 cm2 34. The height of a 7. 1 ft by 4. 2 ft waterbed mattress is 2. 5 ft. Find its volume. a. 79. 785 ft3b. 79. 857 ft3c. 79. 758 ft3d. 79. 875 ft3 35. The water content in an aquarium is[pic]. How high is it if it is 2 ft long and 1. 7 ft wide? a. 1. 8 ft b. 2. 4 ftc. 3. 1 ftd. 3. 3 ft 36.A pipeline is 1200 ft long and has a diameter of 4 ft. How much cubic feet of gas can the pipe hold? a. 15,087. 68 ft3b. 17,950. 68 ft3c. 19,057. 86ft3d. 19,571. 68ft3 37. How much greater is the new volume than the original rectangular prism if its height is doubled and its height is halved? a. twiceb. the samec. thriced. can’t be determined 38. The radius and height of an empty Nido can are 4 in and 11. 8in, respectively. How much water it contains if it is one – half full? a. 296. 56 in3b. 296. 67 in3c. 296. 57 in3d. 296. 67 in3 39. A softdrink cup is cylindrical in shape. Its volume is 628 cm3 and the radius is 5cm. How deep is the cup? a. 6 cm b. 8 cmc. 9 cmd. 10 cm 40.A stalactite in Bukilat Cave in Camotes, Cebu is shaped like a cone. It is 2. 5 ft and has a diameter at the roof of 1. 2 ft. Find the volume of the stalactite. a. 2. 83 ft3b. 3. 28 ft3c. 8. 23 ft3d. 8. 32 ft3 CURRICULUM VITAE JUDY G. GUTANG PERSONAL PROFILE Age:25 years old Birth date:March 26, 1985 Sex:Female Civil Status:Single Religion:Roman Catholic Citizenship:Filipino EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Cebu Normal University Maste r of Arts in Education major in Mathematics Units Earned: 27 units Cebu Normal University Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Mathematics Graduated 2006 Don Vicente Rama Memorial National High School (Basak National High School)Graduated 2002 Don Vicente Rama Memorial Elementary School (Basak Elementary School) Graduated 1998 WORK EXPERIENCE University of Cebu – Main Campus High School Teacher (Math) 2007 – present Cebu Normal University Office Clerk – Accounting Department May 29, 2006 – January 1, 2007 Cebu Normal University Student Assistant – Accounting Department January 2003 – September 2005 EXAMINATIONS PASSED Licensure Examination for Teachers (LET) Secondary Level – August 2006 SEMINARS/WORKSHOPS ATTENDED Innovations in Classroom Teaching January 31, 2009 Computer Aided Instruction Seminar-Workshop November 29, 2008 Lecture – Forum on Numerical Analysis October 11, 2008Seminar/Workshop on Strategies and Techniques in Teaching Mathematics for High School September 27, 2008 Good Citizenship Values Formation August 30, 2008 Book Launch and Seminar on Teaching Skills and Strategies December 1, 2007 Seminar on Empowering Teachers with Strategies Anchored on Learner- Centered Paradigm October 24, 2007 Lecture-Demonstration on Innovations in Teaching Mathematics August 13, 2007 Restructuring Learning Strategies and Experiences: Paradigm Reflective of the UC Secondary Education Vision-Mission-Goals (Year Three) May 16 – June 8, 2007 Wellness Seminar September 20, 2006 Living Values Education Program January 27 – 29, 2006 Basic Training Course for Unit LeadersSeptember 30 – October 2, 2005 ———————– CONSTRUCTIVISM THEORY |Post – test | |Achievement |Attitude | |Pre – test | |Achievement |Attitude | ? Understanding comes from our interaction with our environment. ? Cognitive conflict stimulates learning. ? Knowle dge evolves through social negotiation and evaluation of the viability of individual understanding. Traditional Approach Control Group III – Sapphire Control Group III – Sapphire Problem – Based Learning Experimental Group III – Jade Experimental Group III – Jade Structured Plan in Mathematics (High School Geometry)